دانلود کتاب OECD Economic Surveys.

فهرست مطالب :

Table of contents
Basic statistics of France, 2011
Executive summary
Main findings
Key recommendations
Assessment and recommendations
In the short term growth is set to remain weak and unemployment to rise further
Figure 1. Weak trend per capita GDP growth but stable income inequality in France
Figure 2. France is in an intermediate situation in terms of the impact of the crisis
Figure 3. Unemployment is rising
Table 1. Recent macroeconomic developments and projections
Figure 4. The real estate sector is weaker, but few loans are non{u00AD}performing. Figure 5. Private debt has grown sharply from a low levelFrench banks have been resilient, but they suffer from some vulnerabilities
Table 2. Bank claims on selected countries of the EU periphery
Figure 6. The capitalisation of French banks has risen, and pressures have diminished
Figure 7. Monetary and financial institutions in France have large balance sheets
Box 1. Recommendations to improve the financial system
Reducing the weight of public spending must be vigorously pursued
Figure 8. Public deficit and debt, 1990{u00AD}2014. Figure 9. General government expenditure as a percentage of GDP in France and other OECD countriesTable 3. Estimated short{u00AD}term fiscal multipliers for France
Figure 10. Public and private pension spending
Figure 11. The efficiency of healthcare expenditure can be improved in France
The strengthening of the budgetary framework is welcome
Box 2. Recommendations for the management of public finances
Improving the equity and efficiency of the tax and transfer system
Income inequality has been relatively low and broadly stable over time due to significant redistribution. Simplifying the tax system and ensuring more transparency would improve economic performanceFigure 12. The degree of redistribution is high in France
Figure 13. Tax administration costs, 2009
Marginal tax rates on labour are high
Figure 14. The labour tax wedge is high in France, 2011
Incentives to work are weak, especially for older workers and women
Box 3. The government\'s poverty reduction package
The taxation of capital should be made more neutral
Figure 15. Top effective marginal tax rates on real returns on different asset classes, 2011. Reduced VAT rates are an expensive form of redistributionProgress has been made in internalising local pollution, but implicit carbon prices vary a lot across energy sources
The transfer system should be radically simplified
Box 4. Recommendations to improve the efficiency and equity of tax and transfer policies
France\'s poor export performance reflects generalised weakness on the supply side
Figure 16. Trade balance and business profits
Boosting competition in product markets
Regulated professions, retail trade, transportation
Figure 17. Regulation is still heavy.