دانلود کتاب OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2007: Edition 2007

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Table of contents Basic statistics of Italy Executive summary Assessment and recommendations Chapter 1. Italy’s key challenges Encouraging improvement in Italy’s macroeconomic performance A cyclical recovery is underway Table 1.1. Short-term outlook Figure 1.1. Economic trends Table 1.2. Inflation differentials Employment growth has been robust Figure 1.2. Job creations The fiscal position has improved But longer term economic prospects remain challenging Table 1.3. Decomposing Italy’s per capita GDP growth, 1970-2005 Difficulty in coping with globalisation Figure 1.3. Competitiveness indicators Figure 1.4. Relative export prices Figure 1.5. Restructuring is under way with evidence of rising variability in profitability Low TFP growth is the core problem Figure 1.6. Decomposition of potential growth: an international comparison Table 1.4. Labour productivity and its determinants Table 1.5. Growth accounting by sector Figure 1.7. A low-skill bias in Italy Low participation in an ageing society Table 1.6. Labour market performance: international comparisons Table 1.7. Workers with a temporary contract Figure 1.8. Some North-South comparisons Figure 1.9. Public sector employment share and per capita income The reform process Table 1.8. DPEF 2007-11 objectives Box 1.1. Political economy of Italian reforms The survey deals with three of these important policy challenges Deepening the forces of competition Figure 1.10. Cross-country differences in product market regulation may have contributed to divergent productivity growth Table 1.9. Frequency of price changes by product type Bringing public finances back on a sustainable path Figure 1.11. Spending and revenue growth rates Making federalism work Notes Bibliography Annex 1.A1. Taking stock of structural reforms Annex 1.A2. How to make Italian firms grow ? Table 1.A2.1. Employment protection legislation in OECD countries Figure 1.A2.1. Italy needs more financial deepening Chapter 2. Enhancing competition and productivity in services Figure 2.1. Product market regulation in OECD countries Table 2.1. Contribution to the growth of labour productivity per employee Recent measures to liberalise the economy Box 2.1. The “Bersani decree”: an impressive liberalisation package Box 2.2. The “Bersani January 2007 decree”, a second wave of liberalisation Reducing public ownership Figure 2.2. Indicator of state control in 2003 Box 2.3. Recent reforms on the energy market Figure 2.3. Electricity prices are high in Italy Enforcing law and empowering regulators Strengthening consumers’ clout Wholesale and retail trade Low productivity gains, poor job creation Table 2.2. Key structural features of the retail distribution sector Figure 2.4. Productivity and employment performance in retail and wholesale trade Box 2.4. Italy is lagging in e-business and e-commerce Table 2.3. Italy scores low on the e-business survey Box 2.5. Evaluation of the 1998-2002 liberalisation experiences of the retail trade sector Fostering innovation and productivity through price competition Figure 2.5. Store opening hours Professional services High rents and high prices caused by protectionist regulations Figure 2.6. Regulation in selected service sectors Box 2.6. Notaries, lawyers and pharmacists in Italy Remaining stringent restrictions should be relaxed Financial services Figure 2.7. Net interest margins Progress towards greater efficiency and market contestability Box 2.7. Measuring competition in banking systems in OECD countries Table 2.4. Competition in banking tends to be low in Italy Figure 2.8. Concentration in the banking sector and size of the economy Evidence that competition pressures are mounting Conclusion Box 2.8. Recommendations to enhance product market competition Notes Bibliography Chapter 3. Achieving fiscal sustainability Short-term fiscal developments A surprisingly strong fiscal outcome in 2006 Table 3.1. General government revenues and expenditure Table 3.2. General government projections (2006-09) Figure 3.1. Fiscal stance Figure 3.2. Elasticity of current revenue to nominal GDP Further consolidation planned in 2007 Box 3.1. Tax raising measures in the 2007 Budget Reducing public debt Figure 3.3. Two tales of fiscal consolidation, Italy and Belgium Figure 3.4. Long term yield differentials Figure 3.5. Long-term debt projection Should an expenditure rule be reinstated? Figure 3.6. Average annual increase in nominal primary expenditure Box 3.2. Managing the public workforce Implementing pension reforms Table 3.3. Projected changes in public spending on health care, long-term care and pensions Figure 3.7. Effects of the revision of acturial coefficients on pension expenditure Concluding remarks Box 3.3. Policy recommendations to restore fiscal sustainability Notes Bibliography Chapter 4. Making federalism work The evolution of fiscal federal relations in Italy Box 4.1. The federalist process in Italy Figure 4.1. Indicators of decentralisation: an international comparison Figure 4.2. Spending and tax shares by level of government Table 4.1. Subnational government competencies Figure 4.3. Central government spending by function Figure 4.4. Vertical fiscal balance by level of government Figure 4.5. Debt by government level Table 4.2. Spending dynamics Spending issues Efficiency in social services Table 4.3. Health deficits Box 4.2. The 2007-09 Health Pact with the regions Competition in local economic services Box 4.3. Regional policies to improve local public service productivity Costs of devolution Table 4.4. Gross transfer of spending under future decentralisation Figure 4.6. Size of the cities Funding principles Fiscal autonomy to reinforce accountability Box 4.4. Regional and local revenue sources Table 4.5. Tax autonomy of subnational governments Figure 4.7. Coverage ratio by region Figure 4.8. Recurrent taxes on immovable property in OECD countries Intergovernmental transfers to balance equity and efficiency Table 4.6. Main transfers Reform proposals Box 4.5. The 56/2000 decree Fiscal rules for budget discipline Internal Stability Pact Enhancing credibility Box 4.6. Recommendations for fiscal federalist reforms Notes Bibliography Annex A.A1. Internal Stability Pact Table 4.A1.1. Respect of the Internal Stability Pact in 2000-04 Table 4.A1.2. Yearly evolution of the Internal Stability Pact