دانلود کتاب Oecd Economic Surveys: Luxembourg 2012: Edition 2012: Volume 2012

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Table of contents
Basic statistics of Luxembourg, 2011
Executive summary
Box 1. Key Recommendations
Assessment and recommendations
The economy has slowed and faces a number of risks
Table 1. Key macroeconomic developments
The financial sector is weathering the crisis
Table 2. Key financial developments
Changes in international regulation will shape the development of the financial sector
Government expenditure is not on a sustainable path
Figure 1. The fiscal deficit reflects a high level of public spending
Figure 2. The demographic structure of the workforce implies rapid aging
Figure 3. Pension expenditures projections are large (2010­60)
Enhancing the efficiency of public spending would improve the sustainability of the social system
Box 2. Main recommendations on fiscal sustainability and financial regulation
Better structural policies to sustain living standards, growth and sectoral diversification
Competition can be strengthened further, although competition oversight is improving
Figure 4. Product market regulation remains restrictive despite reforms (2008)
A more adaptable and competitive labour market
Figure 5. The minimum wage as a percentage of average monthly earnings
Box 3. Main recommendations on raising productivity, labour market performance, and social cohesion
Reforming education for those who need it most is central to maintaining high living standards and improving social cohesion
Figure 6. Educational achievement
Figure 7. Socio­economically advantaged students attend schools with higher level teachers
Box 4. Main recommendations to improve social cohesion with education outcomes
Social outcomes could be improved by tackling unemployment traps and better targeting of social support
Figure 8. Relative poverty is drifting up
Figure 9. Total public social expenditures and inequality reduction
Box 5. Main recommendations on social cohesion and the transfer system
More sustainable and greener growth
Figure 10. Population and employment developments
Figure 11. Greenhouse gas emissions
Figure 12. Sealed surface area and population density across different countries
Box 6. Main recommendations on green growth and environmental sustainability
Bibliography
Annex A.1. Progress in structural reform
Chapter 1. Strengthening social cohesion: Making efficiency and equity go hand in hand
Inequality has risen despite high taxes and transfers
Figure 1.1. Employees in the economy by origins
The gap between the top and lower decile of disposable income has increased
Box 1.1. Indicators to measure inequality and poverty in Luxembourg
Figure 1.2. The gap between top and low incomes is widening
Relative poverty is also increasing
Figure 1.3. Relative poverty has been rising
Figure 1.4. Relative poverty rates depend on citizenship
Both market income inequality and its redistribution are high by OECD standards
Figure 1.5. An increase of the size of the financial sector increases inequality
Figure 1.6. The minimum wage as a percentage of average monthly earnings
Figure 1.7. Redistribution substantially reduces income inequalities
Figure 1.8. Relative poverty rate is close to the European Union average
The large transfer system is poorly targeted
Most of transfers and tax rebates could be better targeted
Table 1.1. Cash transfers
Figure 1.9. The progressivity index of cash transfers is low
Box 1.2. Overview of the welfare system
Figure 1.10. The RMG reduces the incentive to work
Figure 1.11. Large family allowances have a weak correlation with fertility
Figure 1.12. Property wealth and disposable income
Housing policy does little to reduce housing shortage as the supply side is rigid
Box 1.3. Social housing: attribution and rent computation
Public higher education spending is not targeted to disadvantaged families
Insufficient work incentives within the minimum income scheme
Figure 1.13. Income levels provided by cash minimum­income benefits
Box 1.4. What can be learnt from the introduction of the RSA in France?
Figure 1.14. Smoothing the RMG scheme
Figure 1.15. Participation rates are low for the youngest and the oldest
Figure 1.16. Incapacity related benefits are high
The underperforming education system does little to address inequality
Figure 1.17. Socio­economic background and education performance
Figure 1.18. Disadvantaged students are particularly vulnerable in Luxembourg
The large immigrant community tends to fall behind
The trilingual system does not provide enough language support for vulnerable groups
Remedial classes are too few
Figure 1.19. Average reading performance across mother’s education
Resources are not targeted to more socio­economically disadvantaged school
Figure 1.20. Socio­economically advantaged students attend schools with more resources
Figure 1.21. The performance of schools in more advantaged areas tends to be better
Early tracking exacerbates inequality
Figure 1.22. First age of selection in the education system
Low graduation rates affect more the disadvantaged
Figure 1.23. Time to complete upper secondary programmes and graduation rates
Uneven educational outcomes also affect transition to the labour market
Figure 1.24. Percentage­point difference between youth and overall unemployment rates
Box 1.5. Recommendations on social inclusion and inequality
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Greening growth
Luxembourg has rapidly reinforced in its position as an economic centre
Figure 2.1. Employment developments: residents and cross­border workers
Figure 2.2. GHG emissions per capita, OECD countries 2000 and 2010
Figure 2.3. Greenhouse gas emissions
Figure 2.4. Sealed surface area and population density across different countries
Transport investment and pricing
Fuel taxes are among lowest in Europe generating high fuel sales to non­residents
Figure 2.5. Diesel and petrol prices and taxes across OECD countries
Figure 2.6. NO2 and ground­level ozone concentrations in Luxembourg
Figure 2.7. Cars per person across OECD countries
Figure 2.8. Modal split of trips to work – different economic centres
Fuel taxes do not cover environmental costs
Figure 2.9. Implicit diesel and petrol prices after adjusting for externalities
Table 2.1. Implicit carbon prices across different fuels
The share of public transport remains modest
Congestion pricing is not used
Urban planning and housing policies to control urban sprawl
Figure 2.10. Population density per km2 in 1981 and population growth between 1981 and 2011
Figure 2.11. Housing area available per person across different countries
Figure 2.12. Share of home ownership across different countries (2009)
Figure 2.13. Population growth in priority areas for urban development and elsewhere (2000­12)
Plans to reduce urban sprawl are behind target
Box 2.1. Spatial Planning Reforms
Figure 2.14. Map of Luxembourg with neighbouring regions indicating average prices
Table 2.2. Average price for an apartment per m2 (2007­09)
Figure 2.15. Residential property prices in Luxembourg and other countries
The housing market is affected by inflexible supply
Figure 2.16. Share of social housing across OECD countries (2009)
Water infrastructure and management
Box 2.2. Recommendations to promote greener growth
Bibliography