دانلود کتاب OECD Economic Surveys: Slovak Republic June 2017.

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Table of contents Basic statistics of Slovak Republic, 2016 Executive summary The Slovak economy has been growing strongly Growth is strong, but will weaken because of population ageing Inclusiveness needs to be improved Roma employment and health status Enhancing public-sector efficiency to raise living standards for all Students’ education outcomes are weak and deteriorating Assessment and recommendations Figure 1. Slovakia is performing strongly Figure 2. Poverty and inequality are low but some other well-being dimensions lag behind Figure 3. Slovakia’s GDP per capita is catching up, but its population is ageing Maintaining solid growth in living standards over the longer term will be challenging The Slovak economy continues to expand in the short term Figure 4. The biggest share of Slovakia’s exports is vehicles and most exports go to EU countries Table 1. Macroeconomic indicators and projections Box 1. Slovakia’s high reliance on the automotive industry Figure 5. The car industry in the Slovak republic Figure 6. Evolution of macro-financial vulnerabilities Table 2. Possible shocks to the Slovak economy Figure 7. Financial and housing credit development Table 3. Housing loans Longer-term perspectives pose challenges Figure 8. Foreign trade exposure Figure 9. Convergence will be hampered by population ageing Figure 10. The Roma are much younger Figure 11. The number of emigrants from Slovakia has increased significantly Preserving healthy public finances Box 2. A steady implementation of the 2012 pension reform is crucial Figure 12. Structural reforms and fiscal measures can ensure sustainability Table 4. Past OECD recommendations on fiscal policy A more efficient public sector Figure 13. Efficiency of VAT collection Table 5. Past OECD recommendations on taxation Figure 14. Taxes in the Slovak Republic Figure 15. Composition of general government spending Figure 16. Public investment spending Figure 17. Effectiveness of public administration Table 6. Past OECD recommendations on raising the efficiency of public spending Figure 18. Perception of the effectiveness of judicial system Table 7. Past OECD recommendations on improving the judicial system and fighting corruption Further enhancing the business environment in the non-tradable sectors Figure 19. The business environment Table 8. Past OECD recommendations on product market reforms Improving labour market performance Figure 20. Mothers with young children tend to withdraw from the labour market Encouraging women to join the labour market Figure 21. Mothers with small children face incentives to work Reducing long-term unemployment Figure 22. Long-term unemployment is high Figure 23. Low spending in active labour market policies Table 9. Past OECD recommendations on the labour market Enhancing Roma integration Figure 24. Roma’s employment is low Promoting a deeper rental housing market to improve workers’ mobility and reduce regional imbalances Figure 25. Regional economic inequalities Figure 26. Regional mobility and housing indicators Table 10. Past OECD recommendations on the housing sector Enhancing skills to better meet labour market demand and foster inclusive productivity Figure 27. Adult skills in literacy and problem solving Figure 28. Teachers are amongst the lowest paid in the OECD Table 11. Past OECD recommendations on education Figure 29. Roma student performance is weak Figure 30. A low proportion of young adults have high-level literacy skills Figure 31. Slovak researchers produce many publications, but their average quality is poor Figure 32. Qualification and education mismatches among young tertiary educated graduates are high Figure 33. Many Slovak students study abroad and only few foreigners study in the Slovak Republic Improving well-being and sustainable development A more efficient health-care system would enhance well-being Figure 34. Health-care spending and outcomes Figure 35. Health inequalities and perceived mismanagement Figure 36. Potential efficiency gains in health care Figure 37. Hospital care Figure 38. Primary care indicators Figure 39. Pharmaceutical and other medical goods and service spending Figure 40. Long-term care Improving environmental outcomes Figure 41. Green growth indicators: Slovak Republic Figure 42. Deaths from ambient air pollution Table 12. Past OECD recommendations on the environment Bibliography Annex. Progress in structural reform Thematic chapters Chapter 1. Enhancing advanced skills to better meet labour market demand Better skilled workers will be needed Figure 1.1. Risk of job loss due to automation The education system does not presently prepare young people for changes in the labour market Figure 1.2. Adult skills in literacy and problem solving This leads to labour shortages and high structural unemployment Figure 1.3. Companies are increasingly having problems to find skilled and educated workers Improving skills formation at secondary schools Figure 1.4. Schools and labour market outcomes are weak Upgrading the quality of teaching Figure 1.5. Teachers are amongst the lowest paid in the OECD Figure 1.6. Higher salaries are important to raise the attractiveness of the teaching profession Vocational schools should provide a mix of general and practical skills Figure 1.7. Share of vocational programme enrolment rates in upper secondary education Box 1.1. VET reform Figure 1.8. Slovak VET students’ skills are unsatisfactory Selectivity is harming skills formation Figure 1.9. Impact of socio-economic status1 on students’ learning outcomes Figure 1.10. Major risks for socio-economically disadvantaged children becoming low-performing students Figure 1.11. Roma have poor school attendance resulting in weak skills Boosting skills in tertiary education Improving the quality of tertiary education institutions Figure 1.12. Tertiary education has expanded Figure 1.13. A low proportion of young adults have high-level literacy skills Figure 1.14. Slovak researchers produce many publications, but they could be improved in terms of quality Box 1.2. Tertiary education funding – main features The tertiary education system should be more linked to the labour market Figure 1.15. Tertiary education system lacks vocational bachelor programs Box 1.3. Skills mismatch and worker characteristics Figure 1.16. Qualification and education mismatches among young tertiary educated graduates are high Figure 1.17. Mismatched workers suffer wage penalties, despite similar skills to well-matched workers Figure 1.18. The skills assessment system is underdeveloped Securing the skills of the workforce over time Attracting skilled workers, including returning migrants Figure 1.19. The stock of emigrants has increased significantly Figure 1.20. The impact of brain drain on the competitiveness1 is substantial Figure 1.21. Many Slovak students study abroad and only few foreigners study in the Slovak Republic Figure 1.22. The Blue Card treshold is more restrictive in the Slovak Republic than in other selected OECD countries Strengthening lifelong learning is necessary to secure the supply of skills over time Figure 1.23. The relative unemployment rate of individuals with lower secondary versus tertiary education Figure 1.24. Participation in life-long learning across Europe by educational attainment Recommendations to enhance advanced skills Bibliography Chapter 2. Improving the efficiency and outcomes of the Slovak health-care system The health-care system needs to become more effective Health outcomes are poor, and progress is slow Figure 2.1. Slovak life expectancy at birth is comparatively low even adjusted for per capita incomes Figure 2.2. Slovak life expectancy outcomes are relatively poor Table 2.1. Health outcome performance Large health inequalities exist between the Roma and non-Roma population Figure 2.3. Selected health indicators of the Roma and non-Roma population Figure 2.4. Regional disparities of infant mortality in OECD countries Figure 2.5. Health inequalities by socioeconomic status The operation of the health-care system is a source of deep discontent Figure 2.6. Satisfaction with the healthcare system Figure 2.7. Household out-of-pocket expenditure on health care Figure 2.8. Perception of corruption in the public healthcare sector Figure 2.9. Average waiting days for elective surgery Health spending has increased sharply since 2000 Figure 2.10. Growth of health-care spending Figure 2.11. Expenditure on health There seems to be significant room for improving the efficiency of the health-care system Figure 2.12. Potential efficiency gains in health care A more effective health-care system would have economic and fiscal benefits and promote well-being Table 2.2. Projected increases in public health and long term care spending by main source, 2010-60 Improving the health-care system will require reforms in several areas Increasing the coherence of the organisation of the system Box 2.1. The Slovak health-care system Figure 2.13. Health administrative spending by type of healthcare system Modernising hospital management and services Figure 2.14. Hospital care supply Figure 2.15. Nurses related indicators Improving the efficiency and quality of primary health care Figure 2.16. Mortality from selected diseases Figure 2.17. Primary care indicators Figure 2.18. Physician density and activity Figure 2.19. Age structure of physicians Figure 2.20. Emigration rates of doctors Pursuing efforts to bring down pharmaceutical expenditure and other ancillary health-care spending Figure 2.21. Pharmaceutical expenditure Figure 2.22. Other medical goods and ancillary health services Developing a long-term care strategy Figure 2.23. Long-term care Promoting healthier lifestyles Figure 2.24. Life style indicators Figure 2.25. Selected indicators of Roma versus non-Roma living conditions Recommendations to improve the health-care system Bibliography Appendix 1.A1 Health outcome performance