دانلود کتاب Oecd Economic Surveys South Africa 2017.

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Table of contents
Basic statistics of South Africa
Executive summary
Low growth and high unemployment are weighing on social progress
GDP per capita is stagnating
Deepening regional integration of the SADC to boost jobs and growth
Share of intra-regional exports
Boosting entrepreneurship and growing small businesses will contribute to creating jobs
Early-stage entrepreneurial activity is low
Assessment and recommendations
Low growth and high unemployment are weighing on social progress and cohesion
Figure 1. GDP per capita is stagnating
Figure 2. OECD Better Life Index
Figure 3. Poverty and inequality are high
Figure 4. Social transfers reduce inequality and poverty
Figure 5. Wage distribution across sectors and proposed minimum wage
Figure 6. Minimum wages across a selection of countries
Figure 7. Employment rate is low
Table 1. Past recommendations for improving labour outcomes
Low growth is set to continue
Figure 8. Recent macroeconomic developments
Table 2. Macroeconomic indicators and projections
Table 3. Events that could hit the economy
Macroeconomic policies are constrained
Monetary policy and financial markets under high inflation and low growth
Figure 9. Inflation dynamics
Figure 10. Financial indicators
Figure 11. Financial vulnerabilities
Table 4. Past recommendations on macroeconomic policy and fiscal sustainability
Fiscal policy and public debt: shifting the mix of spending
Box 1. South Africa’s debt is sustainable but vulnerable
Figure 12. Simulations of debt dynamics
Table 5. Government guarantee exposure
Table 6. Fiscal indicators
Figure 13. Government spending and fiscal stance
Table 7. Past OECD recommendations on broadening tax bases
Financing higher education poses a challenge to the fiscal stance
Figure 14. Government subsidies for university education
Figure 15. Annual expenditure per student in tertiary educational institutions for all services
Table 8. Past recommendations for making the education system more effective
Deepening regional integration within the Southern African Development Community
Figure 16. Size of SADC countries in terms of GDP
Table 9. Past recommendations for regional integration
SADC intra-regional trade is low but has great potential
Figure 17. SADC intra-trade compared to other free trade areas
Figure 18. South Africa trade with SADC compared to other regions
Figure 19. GVC participation and contribution of trade policies
Reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers would foster regional trade integration
Figure 20. Tariff rates are relatively high in SADC countries
Broadening the scope of the trade agreements could boost regional trade and integration
Figure 21. Restrictions on foreign provision of some services are high relative to other countries
Reforming business environments in the region can strengthen regional integration
Figure 22. Degree of industrialisation and competitiveness of SADC countries
Figure 23. Transport infrastructure compared to OECD average
Figure 24. FDI position of SADC relative to other regional economic communities
Boosting job creation in South Africa through more start-ups and SME growth
Figure 25. Start-up activity is low
Regulatory barriers constrain entrepreneurship and small businesses
Figure 26. Regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship are high
Figure 27. Starting a business is slower than in many other emerging economies
Figure 28. Some professional services are highly regulated
Figure 29. There is considerable variation in regulatory procedures across cities
Table 10. Past recommendations for lowering regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship
Current competition policies constitute a barrier to entry and limit growth and inclusiveness
Figure 30. Regulation varies across industries, 2013
Table 11. Past recommendations for reducing the restrictiveness of regulation and improving competition
A better functioning labour market will help job creation and SME growth
Figure 31. Indicators of employment protection legislation
Filling gaps in competencies and finance to enhance entrepreneurship
Figure 32. School completion rates remain low
Figure 33. Attitudes have become more entrepreneurial
Figure 34. SME lending is relatively low
Government programmes should be better co-ordinated
Challenges for green growth
Table 12. Past recommendations for greener growth
Figure 35. Green growth indicators for South Africa
Bibliography
Annex.
Progress in main structural reforms
Macroeconomic policy and safeguarding fiscal sustainability
Broadening tax bases to help finance requirements for stronger and sustainable growth
Regional convergence and deeper trade integration
Improving labour market outcomes
Climate change mitigation and green growth
Tackling infrastructure bottlenecks and improving business regulation to support job creation
Making the education system more effective
Other
Thematic chapters
Chapter 1.
Deepening regional integration within the Southern African Development Community
Introduction
Figure 1.1. Size of SADC countries in terms of GDP
Box 1.1. History of Regional Integration in Southern Africa
Regional trade is expanding but remains limited
SADC intra-regional trade is low compared to other regional communities
Figure 1.2. SADC trade compared to other regions
Table 1.1. Revealed comparative advantages of top 10 export products of SADC countries
SADC has greater potential for intra-regional trade
Greater participation in regional value chains could boost intra-trade
Figure 1.3. Intra and extra-regional participation in Global Value Chains
Figure 1.4. GVC participation and contribution to trade policies
The development of regional value chains is hindered by structural factors
Figure 1.5. First-tier suppliers in SADC and their headquarters
Policies to foster regional trade integration
Strengthening the institutional framework to achieve SADC objectives
Reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers would foster regional trade integration
Figure 1.6. Tariff rates are relatively high in SADC countries
Table 1.2. Region to region trade-weighted costs
Figure 1.7. Trade facilitation index
Figure 1.8. Burden of customs procedures
Broadening the scope of the trade agreements could boost regional trade and integration
Figure 1.9. Service export is sizeable in many SADC countries
Figure 1.10. Restrictions on foreign provision of some services are high relative to other countries
Box 1.2. The difficulty of defining common rules within the FTA: The case of rules of origin
Box 1.3. The Origin of the Economic Partnership Agreement
Figure 1.11. Trade between SADC and the European Union
Reforming the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) to foster regional integration
Figure 1.12. Contribution of SACU revenue to member countries’ government budget, 2014/15
Reforming the enabling environment to strengthen regional integration
Favouring the development of industries at the regional level
Figure 1.13. Degree of industrialisation and competitiveness of SADC countries
Table 1.3. Investment incentives across SADC countries
Upgrading regional infrastructure quality and availability
Figure 1.14. Transport infrastructure compared to OECD average
Developing a comprehensive regional investment framework
Figure 1.15. SADC experienced a rapid increase of inward investment over the past 15 years
Figure 1.16. FDI flows of SADC compared to other regional economic communities
Further integration of the financial system will ease financing conditions across countries
Table 1.4. Indicators of financial depth and size, 2014
Figure 1.17. Financial Integration Index
There is scope for strengthening tax co-operation
Table 1.5. Summary of major tax rates across SADC
Key recommendations for deepening regional integration within SADC
Bibliography
Chapter 2.
Lowering barriers to entrepreneurship and promoting small business growth
The need for more entrepreneurship and small business growth
Figure 2.1. Rates of self-employment and entrepreneurial activity are low
Figure 2.2. Entrepreneurial activity is relatively low within most groups
Figure 2.3. Small firms are most prevalent in business services
Box 2.1. New evidence on firm dynamics in South Africa
Figure 2.4. Components of net job creation by start-ups
The government’s focus on small businesses is increasing
Figure 2.5. Main departments and agencies targeting small business growth
Table 2.1. Examples of definitions of small and medium enterprises used
Lowering regulatory barriers and improving the business environment
Figure 2.6. Regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship are high
Lowering regulatory barriers to entry and growth
Figure 2.7. Starting a business is slower than in many other emerging economies
Figure 2.8. There is considerable variation in regulatory procedures across cities
Figure 2.9. Some professional services are highly regulated
Box 2.2. Regulation of legal services and examples of reforms
Figure 2.10. There is scope to reduce the complexity of regulatory procedures
Facilitating company restructuring and second chances for entrepreneurs
Figure 2.11. The corporate insolvency regime is strong but the recovery is low
Compliance with the tax system is costly
Figure 2.12. The tax rate on small businesses rises sharply with income
The informal sector needs special treatment
Overcoming barriers to markets
Figure 2.13. Concentrated industries are more capital intensive
Box 2.3. Are zombie firms weighing on firm creation and growth rates?
Figure 2.14. Large zombie firms may be adding to barriers to entry
Public procurement is an underused tool to grow small businesses
Table 2.2. Overview of the B-BBEE Scorecard for Qualifying Small Enterprises
Engaging small firms in export and supply chains
Figure 2.15. Many South African entrepreneurs export
Technology is increasing information and access to markets
Growing entrepreneurial competencies
Figure 2.16. Attitudes have become more entrepreneurial
The formal education system needs to perform better
Second-chance schemes and work experience would help youth
Programmes for enterprise development have been expanded
Table 2.3. Summary of key government training and development programmes
Table 2.4. Average expert ratings for government programmes for entrepreneurship
Broadening financing options
Figure 2.17. SME lending is relatively low
Table 2.5. Financing programmes targeting start-ups and small businesses
Improving access to credit
Figure 2.18. Government loan guarantees are low
Risk capital has expanded
Figure 2.19. Venture capital is relatively well developed
Sources of finance should be broadened
Key recommendations for lowering barriers to entrepreneurship and promoting small business growth
Bibliography
Annex 1. Export products in SADC
Table A1. List of exported products in Table 1
Annex 2.
Estimates of determinants of trade flows
Table A2. Estimate results
Annex 3.
Participation in Global Value Chains
Table A3A. The origin of value added in exports – backward participation
Table A3B. Destination of value added used by trading partners for exports
Annex 4.
Road infrastructure needs in SADC
Figure A4. Corridors in Southern Africa
Annes 5.
Detailed information on taxes
Annex 6.
Determinants of entrepreneurial activity
Table A6. Marginal effect of individual characteristics on entrepreneurship