دانلود کتاب OECD Review of Agricultural Pol - OECD

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Foreword Table of contents Abbreviations Executive summary Highlights and policy recommendations Box 0.1. Indonesia: Contextual information Table 0.1. Contextual indicators, 1990, 2010 Figure 0.1. Main macroeconomic indicators, 1991-2010 Figure 0.2. Agro-food trade, 1990-2010 Box 0.2. Overview of agricultural policy instruments applied in Indonesia Box 0.3. Major constraints to increased investment in agriculture Notes References Synthèse et recommandations pour l’action publique Encadré 0.1. La situation en Indonésie Tableau 0.1. Indicateurs contextuels, 1990, 2010 Figure 0.1. Principaux indicateurs macroéconomiques, 1991-2010 Figure 0.2. Commerce agroalimentaire, 1990-2010 Encadré 0.2. Instruments de politique agricole appliqués en Indonésie Encadré 0.3. Principaux freins à l’investissement dans l’agriculture Notes Références Chapter 1. The policy context 1.1. General aspects Political and demographic characteristics Box 1.1. Indonesia: “Unity in diversity" Table 1.1. Indonesia: Selected regional indicators, 2010 Natural resources and climatic conditions Figure 1.1. Agricultural land, 1990-2009 Macroeconomic performance Figure 1.2. Indonesia: Selected macroeconomic indicators, 1990-2010 1.2. Agricultural situation Evolving roles of agriculture over time Agriculture and the food sector in the economy Figure 1.3. The share of agriculture in GDP, employment, total exports and imports, 1990-2010 Figure 1.4. The importance of agriculture in regional GDP, 1990-2008 Figure 1.5. Evolution of agriculture’s share of GDP and share of employment in selected Asian countries, 1980-2007 Evolution of market conditions Figure 1.6. Output and input price indices and farmers’ terms of trade, 1993-2010 Changes in capital investment and input use Figure 1.7. Use of chemical fertiliser in selected countries (active nutrient kg/ha of cropland) Table 1.2. Agricultural machinery in Indonesia per 1 000 workers, 1990-2003 Farm output Figure 1.8. Growth in agricultural output, 1990-2010 Table 1.3. Changes in the composition of the value of agricultural production, 1991-2009 (%) Figure 1.9. Changes in crop production, 1990-2010 Figure 1.10. Composition of crop area, 1990-2008 Figure 1.11. Changes in livestock production, 1990-2009 Box 1.2. The development of palm oil production Figure 1.12. Regional distribution of agricultural value added, 1990 and 2008 Farm employment Figure 1.13. Evolution of employment structure by sector, 1990-2009 Figure 1.14. Level and composition of agricultural employment, 1990-2009 Figure 1.15. Regional distribution of agricultural employment, 1990 and 2009 Figure 1.16. Employment structure across regions, 2010 Figure 1.17. Land-to-labour ratio for agriculture, 1990-2009 Productivity Figure 1.18. Labour productivity growth in agriculture in selected Asian countries, 1990-2009 Figure 1.19. Agriculture labour productivity in selected regions, 1990-2008 Figure 1.20. Crop yields for selected food crops, 1993-2009 Figure 1.21. Crop yields for selected perennial crops, 1990-2010 Figure 1.22. Evolution of total factor productivity in agriculture, 1990-2006 Figure 1.23. Total factor productivity in agriculture in selected countries, annual growth rates, 1991-2009 Farm incomes and poverty reduction Figure 1.24. Income structure by rural household activity, 1983-2003 Figure 1.25. Poverty headcount rates at national and international poverty lines, % of population, 1976-2010 Figure 1.26. Evolution of rural poverty headcount rates in selected regions, 1996-2010 Food consumption Table 1.4. Percentage of monthly average per capita expenditure by commodity group, 1999-2009 Figure 1.27. Food consumption per capita in Indonesia, 1990-2007 Table 1.5. Net rice consumers, % Table 1.6. Average daily per capita consumption of energy by commodity group, 1999-2009 (%) Agro-food trade flows Figure 1.28. Indonesia’s agro-food trade, 1990-2010 Table 1.7. Agro-food sector's integration with international markets, 1990-2010 Figure 1.29. Net trade in basic groups of agro-food commodities, 1990-2010 Box 1.3. The role of fisheries in the Indonesian economy Figure 1.30. Indonesia’s fisheries production and trade, 1980-2008 Figure 1.31. Share of Indonesia in world’s exports of selected commodities, 1990-2010 Figure 1.32. Composition of agro-food exports, 1990-2010 Figure 1.33. Indonesia’s agro-food exports by region, 1990-2010 Figure 1.34. Main export markets for Indonesia’s agro-food products, 2008-10 average Figure 1.35. Composition of agro-food imports, 1990-2010 Figure 1.36. Share of imports in Indonesia’s domestic use of selected commodities, 1990-2007 Figure 1.37. Indonesia’s agro-food imports by region, 1990-2010 Figure 1.38. Main suppliers of agro-food products to Indonesia, 2008-10 average Agro-environmental situation Figure 1.39. Forest area in Indonesia, 1990-2009 1.3. Structural change in the agro-food sector Agricultural land tenure system and policies Farm structures Table 1.8. Changes in average farm size, 1995 and 2007 Table 1.9. Distribution of farm households by size and region, 2007 (%) Figure 1.40. Yields of large and small perennial crop producers, 1971-2007 Competitiveness and structural change in the upstream and downstream sectors Figure 1.41. Subsidised fertiliser distribution channel in Indonesia Table 1.10. Standard contractual agreement between a farmer and potato agribusiness in Garut district, West Java province, Indonesia, 2005 Figure 1.42. Standard marketing channel for agricultural commodities in Indonesia Figure 1.43. Farmers and marketing channels for tomatoes, West Java, 2004/05 1.4. Summary Notes References Annex 1.A1. Indonesia: Projected production, consumption and trade of major commodities by 2021 Figure 1.A1.1. Production: Per cent change 2021 compared with 2009-11 average Figure 1.A1.2. Projected palm oil production Figure 1.A1.3. Projected net trade position for selected products Chapter 2. Policy trends and evaluation 2.1. Agricultural policy framework Agricultural policy objectives: Current and past Table 2.1. Self-sufficiency targets for rice, maize, soybean, sugar and beef, 2014 Phases of agricultural policy development Table 2.2. Evolution of agricultural policy in Indonesia Table 2.3. Policy responses to rising commodity prices in 2007-08 Legal framework for policy implementation Table 2.4. Major laws, regulations and decrees affecting the agro-food sector Institutional arrangements for administering agricultural policy Table 2.5. Main tasks and budget share of Echelon 1 divisions under the Ministry of Agriculture Box 2.1. Involvement of the World Bank in Indonesian agriculture Table 2.6. Farmer-based organisations in Indonesia 2.2. Domestic policies Price support measures Figure 2.1. Comparison of different types of rice prices in Indonesia, 1990-2010 Figure 2.2. Domestic purchases and imports of rice by BULOG, 1990-2010 Figure 2.3. Comparison of different types of sugar prices in Indonesia, 1990-2010 Fertiliser subsidies Figure 2.4. Fertiliser subsidies in Indonesia, 1990-2010 Table 2.7. Quantity of subsidised fertiliser provided to farmers, 2003-10 Seed subsidies Table 2.8. Expenditure on seed programmes for rice, maize and soybeans, 2005-10 Figure 2.5. Provision of certified seeds for rice, maize and soybeans, 2005, 2008 and 2010 Credit policies for farmers Table 2.9. Credit programmes for agriculture, 2010 Figure 2.6. Uptake of credit provided to farmers through interest rate subsidy programmes in 2010 Figure 2.7. Government expenditure on PUAP and use of funds by borrowers, 2008-10 Other input subsidies Income support measures Agricultural insurance Box 2.2. The role of insurance on risk management in agriculture Extension services Research and development Infrastructure Table 2.10. Condition of irrigation infrastructure by level of government, 2010 Consumer support Figure 2.8. RASKIN rice distribution and budgetary cost, 2000-10 2.3. Trade policies affecting agro-food trade flows and agricultural commodity prices Main objectives of agro-food trade policy Overall reforms of the trade system Import policy measures Figure 2.9. Average applied MFN tariff for agriculture and non-agriculture, 1990-2010 Figure 2.10. Frequency distribution of agricultural bound and applied MFN tariff lines and imports by tariff rates, 2010 Figure 2.11. Average bound, applied MFN and CEPT tariffs by product groups, 2010 Export policy measures Figure 2.12. Export tax rates applied to crude palm oil, 1994-2011 Trade relations Table 2.11. Time line of ASEAN trade agreements with partners Box 2.3. ASEAN+ regional trade agreements 2.4. Evaluation of support to agriculture Box 2.4. OECD indicators of support to agriculture Box 2.5. Indonesia’s PSEs: What and how? Support to agricultural producers Figure 2.13. Level and composition of Producer Support Estimate, 1990-2010 Figure 2.14. Producer Support Estimate in Indonesia and selected countries, 2006-10 average Table 2.12. Indonesia: Estimates of support to agriculture, IDR million Table 2.13. Indonesia: Estimates of support to agriculture, USD million Figure 2.15. Level and composition of Market Price Support, 1990-2010 Figure 2.16. Level and composition of budgetary transfers, 1990-2010 Figure 2.17. Producer SCT by commodity, 1990-94 and 2006-10 averages Support to consumers of agricultural products Figure 2.18. Consumer Support Estimate in Indonesia and selected countries, 2006-10 average Support to general services for agriculture Figure 2.19. Level and composition of General Services Support Estimate, 1990-2010 Support to the agricultural sector as a whole Figure 2.20. Level and composition of Total Support Estimate, 1990-2010 Figure 2.21. Total Support Estimate in Indonesia and selected countries, 2006-10 average 2.5. Summary Notes References Annex 2.A1. Policy tables Table 2.A1.1. Agricultural components of the 1997-98 Letters of Intent to the IMF Table 2.A1.2. Ministries with responsibilities relating to agriculture Table 2.A1.3. SOEs involved in the agricultural sector Table 2.A1.4. Farmers ceiling prices of fertilisers, paddy floor price and paddy/urea ratio, 1987-2010 Table 2.A1.5. Agricultural commodities classified as sensitive and highly sensitive by Indonesia under AFTA Table 2.A1.6. Pakmei tariff reduction schedule, 1995-2003 Table 2.A1.7. Average applied MFN and WTO bound tariffs for selected agricultural commodities Table 2.A1.8. Variable export tax for CPO and its derivatives Chapter 3. Promoting sustainable investment in agriculture 3.1. Trends in investment in agriculture Domestic and foreign investment since 1960 Figure 3.1. Gross capital formation and FDI inflows, current USD billion, 1992-2010 Figure 3.2. Gross capital formation and FDI inflows, % of GDP, 1992-2010 Investment in agriculture Figure 3.3. Share of agriculture in realised investment and in GDP, 1999-2010 Figure 3.4. Share of agriculture in various economic variables, 2005-10 average Figure 3.5. Realised domestic and foreign investment in agriculture, 1999-2010 Table 3.1. Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) by sector, 2006-10 average Investment per agricultural sub-sector Table 3.2. Realised investment per agricultural sub-sector, 2005-10 Table 3.3. Production structure of perennial crops, 2009 Figure 3.6. Palm oil production and land area by type of producers, 2004-10 Table 3.4. Large private palm oil companies operating in Indonesia Table 3.5. Foreign direct investment in palm oil plantations by origin, 2009-11 Table 3.6. Minimum obligations for biofuel utilisation Table 3.7. Biofuel production in Indonesia, 2006-10 Investment in agriculture per source country and destination region Figure 3.7. FDI inflows to Indonesia by source country/region, 2004-10 Figure 3.8. Realised investment in agriculture and agribusiness by region, 2005-10 3.2. Investment policy in agriculture Background The FDI regime Figure 3.9. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index by country, 2012 Figure 3.10. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index1 by sector, 2012 Table 3.8. Agricultural sub-sectors with investment restrictions Box 3.1. The Horticulture Law 13/2010 Land tenure Figure 3.11. Land registration Table 3.9. Maximum land area per company Business licensing Investment incentives 3.3. Sectoral policies supporting investment in agriculture Infrastructure development Figure 3.12. Infrastructure quality rankings in Indonesia, 2011 Table 3.10. Private sector investments in infrastructure, 1994-2004 Table 3.11. Irrigation as percentage of crop land in selected Asian countries, 2000-07 Table 3.12. Telecommunications: Subscribers/users per 100 inhabitants Box 3.2. The Centre for Agricultural Data and Information (Pusdatin) Human resource and skills development Table 3.13. Sources of agricultural growth, 1961-2006 Research and innovation Figure 3.13. Public agricultural R&D spending as a share of agricultural GDP, 2005 Access to finance Figure 3.14. Getting credit in Indonesia, 2010 Table 3.14. Bank loans by sector of the economy, 2006-10 Trade Table 3.15. Export tax regulations on palm oil products 3.4. Responsible investment in agriculture Responsible business conduct Box 3.3. Successful examples of RBC implementation Environmental management Forest management Figure 3.15. Land use structure, 2009 Social sustainability Box 3.4. Unilever – Building a black soybean supply chain in Java 3.5. Summary Notes References Annex 3.A1. The Policy Framework for Investment in Agriculture Figure 3.A1.1. The nine policy areas of the PFIA Annex 3.A2. Methodology for the 2012 FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index Table 3.A2.1. Scoring of restrictions, FDI index 2012