دانلود کتاب On Human Nature: The Biology and Sociology of What Made Us Human

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Cover
Endorsements
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Illustrations
Tables
Boxes
Preface
Acknowledgment
1: Humans by Nature?
Approaches to Understanding Human Nature
Searching for Human Universals
Darwinian Selection and Biological Analyses
Sociobiology and Genic Selection
Evolutionary Psychology
Some More Purely Sociological Approaches
Gerhard Lenski\'s Evolutionary-Ecological Approach
Speculations in Sociological and Related Social Science \"Theories\"
Christian Smith\'s Analysis of \"Personhood\"
Nicholas A. Christakis\'s \"Social Suite\" of Universals Necessary for Societies
What Is Human Nature vs. What Are the Outcomes of This Nature?
Conclusion
2: Before Humans
The Power of Cladistic Analysis
Monkeys and Great Apes
Why Are Monkeys and Apes So Organizationally Different?
The Liabilities of Being a Great Ape
Preadaptations and Behavioral Capacities
Preadaptations
Behavioral Capacities and Propensities
Conclusion
Notes
3: Why Humans Became the Most Emotional Animals on Earth
Natural Selection and the Forces of Evolution
Natural Selection and Emotions
Expanding the Range of Variations of \"Primary Emotions\"
First-Order Elaborations of Primary Emotions
The Language of Emotions
Additional Preadaptations for Spoken Language
Brain Growth, Second-Order Elaborations of Emotions, Spoken Language, and Culture
Conclusion
Notes
4: Why and How Did the Human Family Evolve?
Community as the Structural Basis of Social Organization
Community as the Natural Social Form
Low Levels of Grooming and Reliance on Cognitive Mapping
Life History Characteristics of Great Apes
Mother-Infant Bonds
Lack of a Harem Pattern in Mating
Play among Young Mammals
The Evolution of the Nuclear Family
The Primal, Pre-Kinship \"Horde\"
From Horde to Nuclear Family
Conclusions
Note
5: Interpersonal Skills for Species Survival
Inherited Capacities for Interaction and Solidarity
Early Imitation of Facial Gestures Revealing Emotions
Reading of Face and Eyes
Capacities for Role-Taking and Empathizing
Rhythmic Synchronization of Interaction
Collective Emotional Effervescence
Seeing Self as an Object
Reciprocity and Calculations of Justice
Exchange and Reciprocity
Calculations of Justice
The Capacity to Make Attributions
Fluid and Episodic Hierarchies
Friendship and Fellowship Behaviors
Conclusion
Note
6: The Elaboration of Humans\' Inherited Nature
The Vulnerability of Hominins and Early Humans
Separating the Biological from Cultural
Brain Growth, Speech, and Culture as an \"Elaboration Machine\"
Conclusion: Visualizing the Evolved Nature of Humans
7: The Evolved Cognitive Complex and Human Nature
The Nature of Brain Functioning during Action and Interaction
Still Foundational Insights into Cognitive Functioning from Early Theorists
Mind and Thinking
Significant Symbols, Mind, and Role-Taking
Emotions, Cognitions, and Self
Cognitive Capacities, Self, Emotions, and Defense Mechanisms
Ordering Stocks of Knowledge Used in Interaction
The Emotional Basis of Memory and Experience in Ordering Cognitions
Ordering Memories and Creating Stocks of Knowledge at Hand
Future/Potential Salience as an Ordering Mechanism
Abstraction and Response Generalization as Ordering Mechanisms
Framing as an Ordering Mechanism
\"Chunking\" Information as an Ordering Mechanism
Gestalt Dynamics as Ordering Mechanisms
Cognitive Congruence and Consistency
Contrast-Conceptions
Expectation States
Attributions
Conclusion
8: The Evolved Emotions Complex and Human Nature
Brain Growth, Language and Speech, Culture, and the Elaboration of Emotions
Emotions and Reflexivity
Emotions and Social Control
Emotions and Self
Emotions and Social Structures
Conclusion: The Emotions Complex
9: The Evolved Psychology Complex and Human Nature
Need-States to Verify Levels of Identity Formation
Person or Core Identities
Categoric-Unit Identities
Corporate-Unit Identities
Role Identities
The Loose Hierarchy of Human Identities
Need-States for Positive Exchange Payoffs Perceived as Fair
Need-States for a Sense of Efficacy
Need-States for a Sense of Group Inclusion
Need-States for Cognitive and Emotional Congruence
Need-States for Sense of Trust
Need-States for Experiencing Positive Emotions
Conclusion: The Evolved Psychology Complex
10: The Evolved Interaction Complex and Human Nature
Elements of the Evolved Interaction Complex
Evolved Capacities for Identity Formation and the Presentation of Self
The Evolved Complexity of Role-Taking and \"Theory of Mind\"
Role-Taking and Role-Making
Status-Taking and Status-Making
Identity-Taking and Identity-Making
Structure-Taking and Structure-Making
Culture-Taking and Culture-Making
Situation-Taking and Situation-Making
Emotion-Taking and Emotion-Making
Framing and Interaction
Erving Goffman Simplified
Keying and Rekeying of Frames
Frame-Taking and Frame-Making
Language, Rhythmic Synchronization, Ritualizing, Totemizing, and Exchange
Language and Rhythmic Synchronization
Shorter-Term Rituals
Longer-Term Interaction Rituals
Totemizing
Exchange
Conclusion: The Evolved Interaction Complex
11: The Evolved Community Complex and Human Nature
Community as the Basic Organizational Units of Great Apes and Hominins
Inherited Traits and Effects of the \"Elaboration Machine\"
Conclusion: The Elaborated Community Complex
12: Human Nature and the Evolution of Mega Societies
Human Nature and the \"Social Cages\" Created during Societal Evolution
Why Do Humans Prefer Modernity?
Human Nature and Species Survival
More Misery for Humans, Masquerading as Technological \"Advancement\"
Recapturing Our Humanity in Complex Societies
Bibliography
Subject Index
Name Index