دانلود کتاب Oncodermatology: An Evidence-Based, Multidisciplinary Approach to Best Practices

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Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Diagnosing and Management of Skin Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Introduction
The Team
The Goals
References
Chapter 2: Basic Concepts of Carcinogenesis and Immunopathology
The Structure and Function of Normal Skin
The Dark Side of the Sun and the p53 Protection
Are a Few Specific Wrong Letters Enough to Trigger Cancer?
“Cancer Was Not Disorganized Chromosomal Chaos. It Was Organized Chromosomal Chaos”
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK)
Neurofibromin (NF1)
MAPK Pathway
PI3K/AKT/MTOR Pathway
Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN)
Hh Signaling Pathway
P53
CDKs and CDKs-Inhibitors
TERT Activation
Mechanisms of Metastasis: Where No Tumor Cell Has Gone Before
Immunology of Skin Tumors
Tumor Immune Surveillance
Innate Immune Surveillance Cells: The Sentinels for Danger
Adaptive Immune Response
A Paradox Lies at the Heart of Cancer Immunology
Final Remarks
References
Chapter 3: Epidemiology of Skin Cancer
Introduction
Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
Risk Factors
Melanoma
Risk Factors
References
Chapter 4: Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
Introduction
Environmental Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
Physical Environmental Risk Factors
Ultraviolet Radiation
Sun Exposure Pattern
Skin Types
Sociodemographic Characteristics
Indoor Tanning (Tanning Bed/Sunbed)
Other Conditions
Ionizing Radiation
Chemical Risk Factors
Arsenic Exposure
Radon Exposure
Medications
Immunosuppression
Biological Agents (Virus)
Other Risk Factors
Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndrome Predisposing to Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
Gorlin Syndrome (Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome or Nevoid BCC)
Bazex-Dupre-Christol Syndrome (Follicular Atrophoderma with BCC)
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome
Muir-Torre Syndrome
Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes Predisposing to Melanoma
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to CDKN2A Gene
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to CDKN2A Mutations Affecting p14ARF Transcript
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to CDK4 Gene
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to TERT
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to Shelterin Complex Genes: POT1, ACD and TERF2IP
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to MITF Gene
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to MC1R Gene
Hereditary Melanoma Syndrome Related to BAP1 Gene
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Due to Pathogenic Variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes
Genetic Counseling and Risk Assessment in Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
References
Chapter 5: Principles of the Dermatologic Assessment of Cutaneous Lesions
Primary Lesions
Primary Skin Lesions with Liquid-Filled Lesions
Abscess
Bullae/Blister
Cyst
Hematoma
Pustule
Vesicle
Flat Primary Skin Lesions
Macule
Patch
Telangiectasias
Solid Primary Skin Lesions
Nodule
Papule
Plaque
Wheals
Vegetation
Secondary Lesions
Secondary Elementary Lesions Caused by Substance Loss
Crust
Erosion
Ulcer
Fissure
Fistulae
Scale
References
Chapter 6: Ancillary Tools for Dermatological Skin Assessment: Dermoscopy, Reflectance Confocal Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography
Dermoscopy
Basic Principles of Dermoscopy, Equipment, and Histopathological Correlations
Dermoscopy and Histopathological Correlation
Specific Standards and Algorithms in Dermoscopy
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy
Basic Principles of In Vivo RCM, Equipment, and Image Acquisition
RCM and Histopathological Correlation
Specific Standards and Algorithms in RCM
Clinical Examination, Total Body Photography (TBP), and Serial Digital Dermoscopy (SDD)
Clinical Examination
Total Body Photography (TBP)
Digital Dermoscopy (DD)
Serial Digital Dermoscopy (SDD)
Two-Dimensional (2D) Mapping System
Three-Dimensional (3D) Mapping System
Dermoscopic and Confocal Features of Nevi
Junctional Melanocytic Nevi
Compound and Dermal Melanocytic Nevi
Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
Dysplastic Melanocytic Nevi
Spitz Nevi
Dermoscopic and Confocal Feature of Cutaneous Melanoma
Dermoscopy of Melanoma
RCM of Melanoma
Dermoscopic and Confocal Features of Melanomas at “Special Sites”
Acral
Face
Scalp
Mucosal Melanoma
Dermoscopic and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Features of Melanoma Mimickers: Dermatofibroma, Seborrheic Keratosis/Melanoacanthoma, Lichen Planus-Like Keratosis
Dermatofibroma
Seborrheic Keratosis
Lichen Planus-Like Keratosis
Dermoscopic and Confocal Features of BCC and Mimickers
Dermoscopy
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM)
Dermoscopic and Confocal Features of Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Dermoscopy
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM)
RCM in Practice
RCM Indications
RCM Limitations
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Basic Principles and Equipment
OCT Terminology and Specific Standards
OTC in Practice
Final Notes
References
Chapter 7: Topical Treatments for Skin Cancer
Introduction
Topical Treatments
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Mechanism of Action
Indications and Formulations
Side Effects and Contraindications
New Formulations Combined with 5-Fluorouracil
5-Fluorouracil Combined with Calcipotriol
Chemowraps with 5-FU
Imiquimod
Mechanism of Action
Indications and Formulations
Side Effects and Contraindications
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Mechanism of Action
Indications and Formulations
Side Effects and Contraindications
Tirbanibulin
Mechanism of Action
Indications and Formulations
Side Effects and Contraindications
Diclofenac Gel
Indications and Formulations
Side Effects and Contraindications
Ingenol Mebutate
Mechanism of Action
Indications and Formulations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Biopsy Techniques
Skin Biopsy
Introduction
Methods
Curettage
Shave Biopsy
Saucerization Biopsy
Punch Biopsy
Incisional Biopsy
Excisional Biopsy
Procedure Steps
Wound Healing
Indications/Contraindications
Specimen Fixation
Recommendations for Biopsying a Suspicious Lesion: Non-Melanoma and Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Melanoma
References
Chapter 9: Principles of Surgical Oncology
Principles of Surgical Oncology
Brief History of Surgical Oncology
General Concepts
General Considerations
Biopsies
Staging
Fundamental Concepts
Surgical Margins
Lymphadenectomies
Minimally Invasive Surgery and Cancer
Final Considerations
References
Chapter 10: Principles of Radiation Oncology
History of Radiations in Medicine
General Concepts of Radiation Physics
General Concepts of Radiobiology
Cell Survival Curves
Principles of Radiotherapy
Principles of Radiation Therapy for Skin Cancers
Interaction of Radiotherapy with Other Spheres of Medicine
Radiotherapy Interaction with Systemic Therapies
References
Chapter 11: Principles of Clinical Oncology and Systemic Treatments
Chemotherapy
History of Chemotherapy
Classes of Chemotherapy
Alkylating Agents
Platinum Agents
Antimetabolites
Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Anti-Microtubules
Antibiotics with Anticancer Activity
Targeted Therapy
General Concepts
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Monoclonal Antibodies
Target Therapy Approvals Evolution
Milestone Approvals for Cutaneous Oncology
Immunotherapy
Historical Background
General Concepts of Antitumor Immunity
Immunotherapy Modalities
Cytokine Therapy
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs)
Adoptive-Cell Therapy (ACT)
Final Considerations
References
Chapter 12: Imaging Assessment of Cutaneous Tumors
General Concepts
Methods
Plain Films
Computed Tomography
Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Nuclear Medicine
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
High-Frequency Ultrasound
Current Applications
Diagnosis and Pretreatment Assessment
Tumor-Type Differentiation
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)
Melanoma
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP)
Lymphoma
Skin Metastasis
Treatment Planning and Staging
Margins and Size
Invasiveness
Bone Invasion/Erosion
Neural Invasion/Nerve Spread
Orbital Invasion
Cartilage Invasion
Metastasis
Local
Regional/Lymph Node
Distant
Posttreatment Assessment
Responses
Reminiscent
Recurrence
Surveillance
References
Chapter 13: Actinic Keratosis, Other Precursors, and Squamous Cell Tumors
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features and Histopathology
Actinic Keratosis
Field Cancerization
Squamous Cell Carcinoma “In Situ”
Keratoacanthoma
Invasive Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Presentation of cSCC Variants
Verrucous Carcinoma
Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma of the Skin (LELCS)
Marjolin’s Ulcer (MU)
Lip cSCC and Oral cSCC
Evaluation for Locoregional and Distant Metastases in Cutaneous cSCC
Principles of Pathology Report
Principles of Biopsy Reporting
Principles of Excision Report (Including Mohs Excisions)
Recommended Elements for Pathology Reporting of Excisional Specimens (Including Mohs Excisions)
Diagnosis
Risk Stratification for cSCC
Clinical Staging and Preoperative Assessment
Treatment of cSCC
Surgical Treatment
Surgery for Regional Nodal Disease
Nonsurgical Treatments
Topical and Local Nonsurgical Treatments for AK and Cancerization Field
Topical and Local Nonsurgical Treatments for cSCC
Systemic Treatments for Localized AK, Cancerization Field, and cSCC
Systemic Treatment of Advanced cSCC
References
Chapter 14: Basal Cell Carcinoma
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation and Histopathology
Nodular Type
Superficial Type
Morpheaform (Sclerosing, Desmoplastic) Type
Fibroepithelial Type
Infiltrative Type
Pigmented BCCs
Basosquamous Carcinoma
Diagnosis
Risk Stratification for BCC
Treatment of BCC
Surgical Treatments
Surgery with Perioperative Frozen Sections for the Examination of the Entire Margins
Nonsurgical Treatments
Treatment of Advanced/Metastatic BCC
Prognosis and Follow-Up
References
Chapter 15: Benign Melanocytic Lesions
Benign Melanocytic Hyperplasias
Lentigo Simplex
Solar Lentigo
Nevi
Common Acquired Nevi
Dysplastic Melanocytic Lesions
Halo Nevi
Blue Nevi and Dermal Melanocytes
Spitz Nevi
Congenital Nevi
Nevus Spilus
References
Chapter 16: Malignant Melanocytic Tumors: Melanoma
Epidemiology and Biology of Melanoma
Risk Factors and Predisposing Conditions
Biology of Melanoma
Clinical Variants of Melanoma
Diagnosis
Dermatologic Assessment
Biopsy Techniques and Recommendations
Pathologic Assessment and Immunohistochemical/Molecular Markers
Risk Stratification and Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Melanoma
Follow-Up and Surveillance
References
Chapter 17: Appendageal Tumors
Introduction
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Genetic Determinants
Initial Assessment
Management of Local and Advanced Disease
Follow-Up and Prognostic
References
Chapter 18: Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis: Dermatologic Assessment
Diagnosis: Biopsy and Pathology
Risk Stratification and Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Surgery
Adjuvant Radiotherapy
Adjuvant Chemotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy
Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
References
Chapter 19: Cutaneous Malignancies of Mesenchymal Origin: Sarcomas
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
Atypical Fibroxanthoma
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
Cutaneous Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
Cutaneous Leiomyosarcoma
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
Liposarcoma
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
Angiosarcoma
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Follow-Up
References
Chapter 20: Hematolymphoid Tumors
Cutaneous Lymphomas
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Aspects
Histopathology
Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Aspects
Mycosis Fungoides
Clinical Aspects
Histopathology
Molecular Biology
Diagnosis
Staging
Prognosis
Treatment
Sézary Syndrome
Clinical Aspects
Histopathology
Molecular Biology
Diagnosis
Staging
Prognosis
Treatment
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Clinical Aspects
Histopathology
Prognosis
Treatment
Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Epidemiology
Risk Factors/Genetic Determinants
Diagnosis (Dermatologic Assessment/Biopsy/Pathology)
Risk Stratification and Staging and Molecular Classification
Treatment of Localized Disease
Treatment of Advanced Disease
Follow-Up
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
Extranodal NK-/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type
Chronic Active EBV Infection
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
Primary Cutaneous Gamma-Delta T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
Primary Cutaneous Aggressive Epidermotropic CD8-Positive T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
Primary Cutaneous CD4+ Small/Medium T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Primary Cutaneous Acral CD8+ T-Cell Lymphoma
TNM Staging of Cutaneous Lymphoma Other than MF/SS
Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas
Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Histopathology
Immunohistochemistry
Treatment
References
Chapter 21: Dermatologic Manifestations of Internal Malignancies and Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Overview
Acrokeratosis Paraneoplastica (Bazex Syndrome)
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Acquired Ichthyosis
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Dermatomyositis
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Erythema Gyratum Repens
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Erythroderma
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa Acquisita
Clinical Aspects
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Leser-Trélat Sign
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Malignant Acanthosis Nigricans, Tripe Palms, and Florid Cutaneous Papillomatosis
Clinical Manifestations
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Differential Diagnoses
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Paraneoplastic Vasculitis
Clinical Aspects
Histopathology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Paraneoplastic Pruritus/Prurigo
Clinical Aspects
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Pityriasis Rotunda
Clinical Aspects
Histopathology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Sweet’s Syndrome
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Trousseau’s Syndrome
Clinical Aspects
Histology
Associated Neoplasms
Pathogenesis
Treatment
Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Cutaneous Metastases
Overview
Incidence
Prognosis
Biological Aspects of Cutaneous Metastases
Clinical Presentation
Histopathology and Immunohistochemical Markers
Summary of Findings Based on Primary Tumor Site
Breast Carcinoma
Lung Carcinoma
Gastrointestinal Carcinomas
Urothelial, Prostatic, and Renal Cell Carcinomas
Gynecologic Cancers
Thyroid and Salivary Gland Carcinomas
Laryngeal Carcinoma and Meningioma
Malignant Melanoma
Hematological Malignancies
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Management
References
Chapter 23: Cutaneous Adverse Events from Systemic Anticancer Treatments
Overview
Class of Agents
Conventional Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Targeted Therapies and Immunomodulatory Agents (“Checkpoint” Inhibitors)
Dermatological Adverse Events and Their Management
Daily Baseline Skin Care
Pigmentary Changes
Nail Changes
Acral Reactions
Prevention
Skin “Rashes”
Scalp and Hair Abnormalities
Changes in Melanocytic Nevi
Other Particular Toxicities
Stomatitis
References
Chapter 24: Cutaneous Malignancies in the Immunocompromised Patient
Introduction
Skin Cancer in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Actinic Keratosis (AK) and Field Cancerization (FC)
Management: AK, Field Cancerization, and In Situ SCC
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Management: Invasive SCC
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Cutaneous Malignancies
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis-Like Syndrome
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Management
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)
Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC)
Management
Melanoma
Management
Atypical Fibroxanthoma (AF)
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Cutaneous Malignancies and HIV Infection
Immunosuppression
The Role of HIV
Coinfection with Oncogenic Organisms
Kaposi Sarcoma and HIV Infection
Cutaneous KS
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Pathology
Visceral Disease
Staging
Management
Non-AIDS-Defining Cancers
BCC, SCC, and HIV Infection
Anal Cancer and HIV Infection
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Prevention
Melanoma and HIV Infection
Merkel Cell Carcinoma and HIV Infection
References
Chapter 25: Palliative Care in Patients with Cutaneous Malignancies
Introduction
Symptom Management
Pain
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Dyspnea
Bleeding
Delirium
Empathetic Communication, Family Support, and Grief Support
Advanced Care Planning
End-of-Life Care
Palliative Sedation
References
Index