دانلود کتاب Origins : the scientific story of creation

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COVER
ORIGINS: THE SCIENTIFIC STORY OF CREATION
COPYRIGHT
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
PREFACE
THIS THING CALLED SCIENCE
THE STORY IN OUTLINE (SPOILER ALERT!)
1: IN THE ‘BEGINNING’: The Origin of Space, Time, and Energy
THE NATURE OF SPACE AND TIME
MASS AND ENERGY
GRAVITY AND GEOMETRY
THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
TIME, SIZE, AND TEMPERATURE
THE PLANCK EPOCH: ‘ZERO’ TO 10−43 SECONDS
THE GRAND UNIFICATION EPOCH: 10−43 TO 10−35 SECONDS
COSMIC INFLATION: 10−35 TO 10−32 SECONDS
REHEATING
2: BREAKING THE SYMMETRY: The Origin of Mass
THE NATURE OF QUANTUM PARTICLES
QUANTUM FIELDS AND FORCES
SPIN
THE ELECTRO-WEAK EPOCH: 10−32 TO 10−12 SECONDS
SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY-BREAKING
THE HIGGS MECHANISM AND THE ‘GOD PARTICLE’
THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
DARK MATTER
THE QUARK EPOCH: 10−12 TO 10−6 SECONDS
THE HADRON EPOCH: 10−6 SECONDS TO 1 SECOND
THE LEPTON EPOCH: 1 TO 10 SECONDS
3: THE LAST SCATTERING SURFACE: The Origin of Light
PRIMORDIAL NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
ALPHER, BETHE, GAMOW
RECOMBINATION
THE COSMIC BACKGROUND RADIATION
ANISOTROPY AND THE ORIGIN OF STRUCTURE
HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
COBE, WMAP, AND PLANCK
THE Λ-CDM MODEL
4: SETTING THE FIRMAMENT ALIGHT: The Origin of Stars and Galaxies
DARK MATTER HALOS
THE FIRST STARS
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
THE SHORT BUT SPECTACULAR LIVES OF POPULATION III STARS
THE FATES OF POPULATION III STARS
POPULATION II STARS: THE HERTZSPRUNG–RUSSELL DIAGRAM
ATOMIC ORBITALS AND ENERGY LEVELS
REDSHIFT, STANDARD CANDLES, AND HUBBLE’S LAW
REDSHIFT SURVEYS
GALAXY TYPES, ROTATION CURVES, AND DARK MATTER
THE COSMIC EVENT HORIZON
5: SYNTHESIS: The Origin of Chemical Complexity
THE MILKY WAY
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
ASTROCHEMISTRY
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES
HYBRID ORBITALS AND LONE PAIRS
STARDUST
GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUD
THE ACCELERATING UNIVERSE AND THE RETURN OF THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
6: SOL: The Origin of the Sun and its Planets
NEITH, THE ‘MOTHER CLOUD’
EVIDENCE FOR A SUPERNOVA
THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS
ON THE HAYASHI–HENYEY TRAIL
MEANWHILE, ON THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK
PLANETESIMALS AND PROTOPLANETS
THE RISE OF THE GAS AND ICE GIANTS
BUILDING THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
IGNITION
7: TERRA FIRMA: The Origin of a Habitable Earth
THE IRON CATASTROPHE
MANTLE AND CRUST
ATMOSPHERE
MOON
WATER, OCEAN, AND CLIMATE
MAGNETOSPHERE
THE NICE MODEL
PLATE TECTONICS
8: THE COSMIC IMPERATIVE: The Origin of Life
LIFE’S BUILDING BLOCKS
EXOGENOUS DELIVERY: BUILDING BLOCKS FROM SPACE
THE PRIMORDIAL SOUP AND THE MILLER–UREY EXPERIMENTS
HYDROTHERMAL VENTS
THE EMERGENCE OF A PRIMITIVE METABOLISM
THE IRRESISTIBLE RISE OF RNA
THE RNA WORLD
THE GENETIC CODE
THE INVENTION OF DNA
THE BIRTH OF LUCA
9: SYMBIOSIS: The Origins of Complex Cells and Multicellular Organisms
THE EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EVIDENCE FOR EARLY LIFE FORMS
THE DOMAINS OF BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
THE GREAT OXIDATION EVENT
ENDOSYMBIOSIS AND THE RISE OF THE EUKARYOTES
SIZE MATTERS
FROM ONE TO MANY
LET US PREY
SEX AND DEATH
THE GROWTH OF DIVERSITY
THE EDIACARAN RADIATION AND THE FIRST ANIMALS
10: A SONG OF ICE AND FIRE: The Origin of Species
THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
THE WEIRD (BUT WONDERFUL) DENIZENS OF THE BURGESS SHALE
MASS EXTINCTIONS: THE ‘BIG FIVE’
THE GREENING OF THE WORLD
THE RISE OF THE TETRAPODS
PANGAEA: THE LAST SUPERCONTINENT
THE GREAT DYING
THE AGE OF THE DINOSAUR
THE CRATER AT CHICXULUB
11: THE HUMAN STAIN: The Origin of Humanity
DARWIN’S FINCHES AND THE RADIATIONS OF THE MAMMALS
MEET THE PRIMATES
PLANET OF THE APES
FOOTPRINTS ON THE SANDS OF TIME
ECCE HOMO
ON THE TRAIL OF THE WISE MAN
OUT OF AFRICA
12: COGITO ERGO SUM: The Origin of Human Consciousness
THE HARD PROBLEM
THE MIND–BODY PROBLEM
NEURAL CORRELATES
BUT WHERE DO I FIND ‘ME’?
ON THE PATH TO THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD
FOXP2 AND THE LANGUAGE INSTINCT
OTHER MINDS, INTENTIONALITY, AND THE SOCIAL BRAIN
ARE WE STILL EVOLVING?
EPILOGUE
APPENDIX: Powers of Ten
NOTES
CHAPTER 1: IN THE ‘BEGINNING’
CHAPTER 2: BREAKING THE SYMMETRY
CHAPTER 3: THE LAST SCATTERING SURFACE
CHAPTER 4: SETTING THE FIRMAMENT ALIGHT
CHAPTER 5: SYNTHESIS
CHAPTER 6: SOL
CHAPTER 7: TERRA FIRMA
CHAPTER 8: THE COSMIC IMPERATIVE
CHAPTER 9: SYMBIOSIS
CHAPTER 10: A SONG OF ICE AND FIRE
CHAPTER 11: THE HUMAN STAIN
CHAPTER 12: COGITO ERGO SUM
EPILOGUE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX