دانلود کتاب Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance of the Skin

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Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors Part I: Emerging Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics 1: Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance Introduction Origins of Resistance Mechanisms Alteration of Bacterial Proteins Serving as Antimicrobial Targets (Changes in Target Sites) Target Protection Tetracyclines Macrolides Lincosamides Oxazolidinones Phenicols Pleuromutilins Quinolones Streptogramins Modification of Target Site Mutations Aminoglycosides Macrolides Phenicols Rifampin Lincosamides Quinolones Oxazolidinones Glycopeptides Enzymatic Alteration Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Streptogramin B Aminoglycosides Oxazolidinones, Phenicols, Pleuromutilins, and Streptogramin A Complete Replacement or Bypass of Target Site β-Lactams Sulfonamides Enzymatic Degradation of Antimicrobial Drugs (Modifications of the Antibiotic Molecule) Chemical Alterations of the Antibiotic Aminoglycosides Phenicols Destruction of the Antibiotic Molecule β-Lactams Macrolides Epoxides Changes in Membrane Permeability to Antibiotics Decreased Permeability β-Lactams Efflux Pumps Tetracyclines Macrolides Global Cell Adaptations Lipopeptides Glycopeptides Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Conclusion References 2: Emerging Bacterial Infections Introduction Emerging Bacterial Infections Acinetobacter baumannii Nosocomial-Associated Infections Rickettsial Diseases Cat Flea Rickettsiosis Tick-Borne Lymphadenopathy Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Borrelia mayonii Lyme Borreliosis Mycobacterial Infections Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli Ulcer) Bartonella bacilliformis Verruga Peruana Conclusion References 3: Re-emerging Bacterial Infections of the Skin Why Do Bacterial Infections Re-emerge? Mechanisms of Resistance Environmental and Sociodemographic Factors Examples of Re-emerging Bacterial Infections Staphylococcus aureus Treponema pallidum Rickettsia spp. Strategies for Mitigating Re-mergence References Part II: Emerging Resistance to Antivirals 4: Mechanisms of Nonretroviral Resistance Introduction Herpesviridae Family and Antiviral Strategies Antiviral therapy for Herpesviridae Nucleoside Analogues: Acyclovir and Valacyclovir, Penciclovir and Famciclovir, Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir Pyrophosphate Analogue: Foscarnet Nucleotide Analogue: Cidofovir Mechanisms of HSV/VZV Resistance Mutations in Viral Thymidine Kinase Mutations in Viral DNA Polymerase Clinical Features of Drug-Resistant HSV and VZV Management of Drug-Resistant HSV Infections Intravenous Acyclovir Intravenous Foscarnet Intravenous Cidofovir Continuous High-Dose Acyclovir Thalidomide Topical Therapy for Acyclovir-Resistant HSV Long-Term Management of Acyclovir-Resistant HSV Management of Drug-Resistant VZV Infections Investigational Drugs and Future Directions for Treatment of Acyclovir-Resistant HSV and VZV Influenza: Antiviral Strategies and Resistance Antiviral Therapy for Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, and Peramivir Adamantanes Baloxavir Marboxil Summary References 5: Mechanisms of Retroviral Resistance Introduction Antiretrovirals General Overview of Retroviral Mechanisms of Resistance NRTIs (Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) NNRTIs (Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) PIs (Protease Inhibitors) Integrase Inhibitors (INSTI) Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) Antagonists Fusion Inhibitors Novel Post-Attachment Inhibitors: CD4-Directed (Ibalizumab) and gp120 Attachment Inhibitor (Fostemsavir) First-in-Class HIV Capsid Inhibitor HTLV ARV Resistance DHHS Guidelines for First-Line ARV Therapy Strategies to Overcome Retroviral Resistance Pre-exposure Prophylaxis with Truvada Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Conclusion References 6: Emerging Viral Infections Introduction Mechanisms of Viral Emergence Herpes Simplex Viruses HSV-1 HSV-2 VZV Coxsackievirus A6 Arboviruses Chikungunya Fever Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Zika Measles Polyomaviruses MCPyV TSPyV HPyV6 and HPyV7 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Conclusion References 7: Reemerging Viral Infections: Implications of Lack of Vaccination Introduction Reemerging Primary Viral Infections of the Skin Varicella-Zoster Virus: Primary Varicella (Chickenpox) Varicella-Zoster Virus: Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Human Papillomavirus Reemerging Systemic Diseases with Cutaneous Manifestations Measles Rubella Looking Forward: The Future of Viral Infections Common Cutaneous Viruses Vaccines in Development Conclusion References Part III: Emerging Resistance to Antifungals 8: Mechanisms of Antifungal Drug Resistance Introduction Antifungal Agents Polyenes Azoles Echinocandins Allylamines Flucytosine (5-Fluorocytosine) Other Drugs Antifungal Drug Therapy Rational Antifungal Drug Resistance Susceptibility Testing Inherent Resistance Acquired Resistance Other Mechanisms of Resistance Biofilms Stress Responses and Drug Adaptation Chromosomal Abnormalities Mitochondrial Defects Conclusion References 9: Emerging and Re-emerging Fungal Infections Introduction Invasive Fungal Infections and the Skin Dermatophytosis Invasive Dermatophyte Infections Pseudomycetoma Epidemiological Shift of Dermatophyte Infections Chronic Dermatophytosis Drug-Resistant Dermatophytes Candidiasis Changes in Candida Species Candida auris Emergence Cryptococcosis Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus and Non-fumigatus Aspergillus Influenza-Associated Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis COVID-19-Associated Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Histoplasmosis Sporotrichosis Zoonotic Sporotrichosis in Brazil Re-emerging Mycoses due to Immunosuppressive Conditions Coccidioidomycosis Paracoccidioidomycosis Mucormycosis Talaromycosis Conclusion References Part IV: Emerging Resistance to Drugs for Protozoan and Helminth Infections 10: Mechanisms of Anti-protozoan/Helminth Drug Resistance Introduction Mechanisms of Anti-helminthic Drug Resistance Common Anti-helminthic Drugs Benzimidazoles Imidazothiazoles Macrocyclic Lactones Cross-Resistance and Multidrug Resistance Resistance in Helminthic Diseases Filariasis Schistosomiasis Onchocerciasis Mechanisms of Anti-protozoan Drug Resistance Resistance in Protozoan Diseases Malaria Toxoplasmosis Trichomoniasis American Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis Pentavalent Antimonials Amphotericin B (AmB) Miltefosine Pentamidine Paromomycin Leishmaniasis Resistance in Combination Therapy Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Ectoparasites Scabies Pediculosis Conclusion and Recommendations References 11: Emerging and Re-emerging Protozoan/Helminth Infections Introduction Group I: Direct Infestation of the Skin Progressive Necrotic Ulcer (Fig. 11.1) Inflammatory Plaque (Fig. 11.3) Central Inflammatory Facial Lesion (Fig. 11.5) Diffuse Papules (Fig. 11.6) Subcutaneous Nodules Vasculitic and Purpuric (Fig. 11.8) Creeping Eruption (Fig. 11.9) Skin Fistulization Folliculitis Verrucous Lesions (Fig. 11.10) Perianal and Genital Ulcers Group II: Systemic Inflammatory Reaction Urticaria Acute Inflammatory Reactions Miscellaneous Inflammatory Skin Reactions (Table 11.1) Group III: Immunomodulation and Indirect Associations Immunomodulation of Inflammatory Skin Conditions Indirect Associations Skin as the Parasite Reservoir Conclusion References Part V: Innovative Therapies on the Forefront 12: Phage Therapy Introduction and History Mechanism of Action Animal Model Studies Clinical Applications Treatment of Wounds and Burns Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Treatment of Acne Common Misconceptions Conclusion References 13: The Role of Biofilms and the Microbiome Introduction on Biofilms and the Microbiome Normal Microbiome of Glabrous Skin Normal Microbiome of Vaginal Mucosa Normal Microbiome of the Gastrointestinal Tract Gut-Skin Axis Possibility and Impact of Antibiotics Acne Atopic Dermatitis Impetigo Hidradenitis Suppurativa Miliaria Candidiasis Onychomycosis Wounds Venous Leg Ulcers Diabetic Foot Ulcers Fillers Pemphigus Foliaceus Conclusion References 14: New Classes of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics and New Mechanisms of Delivery Introduction Peptidomimetics α-Helical Antimicrobial Peptides Obafluorin/Daptomycin Pleuromutilin Peptide Deformylase Inhibitor Enoyl-ACP Reductase Inhibitor Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor Non-β-Lactam β-Lactamase Inhibitor Nusbiarylins Odilorhabdins Arylomycin Teixobactin Ceragenins Polymyxin Mimics Squalamine Derivatives Nanoparticle Technology Conclusion References 15: Phytocompounds Introduction Preparations and Active Metabolites Antibacterial Phytocompounds Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram Negatives Biofilms Antifungal Phytocompounds Yeasts Dermatophytes Malassezia and Others Antiviral Phytocompounds Risks and Adverse Effects Challenges Facing Phytocompounds and Current Research Trends Summary References 16: Summary: Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance of the Skin Summary References Index