دانلود کتاب Panic Buying and Environmental Disasters: Management and Mitigation Approaches

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Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables About the Editors Chapter 1: The Concept of and Risk Factors for Panic Buying 1 Introduction 2 History of Panic Buying 3 COVID-19 Pandemic and Panic Buying 3.1 Panic Buying of Personal Protective Equipment and Drugs 3.2 Panic Buying of Daily Essentials 3.3 Panic Buying and Black Marketing 3.4 Panic Buying by Some Developed Countries Like the UK and the USA 4 Conceptual Models of Panic Buying 4.1 Causative Model 4.2 Forager Consumption Model 4.3 Stimulus Organism Response and Dual-System Model 4.4 Panic Transmission Model 4.5 Individual Psychological Model of Panic Buying 4.5.1 Cognitive Behavioral Model 4.5.2 Biopsychosocial Model 5 Risk Factors for Panic Buying 5.1 Perception of Scarcity 5.2 Danger Perception and Public Health Crisis 5.3 Uncertainty Due to Unknown Fear 5.4 Maladaptive Coping 5.5 Social Learning 5.6 Gaining Control and Primitive Behavior 5.7 Rumors and Misinformation 5.8 Influence of Media 5.9 Increment in Demand 5.10 Disruption of Supply Chain 5.11 Past Experiences 5.12 Internal and External Predictors of Panic Buying 5.13 Pre-disaster, Disaster, and Post-disaster Factors of Panic Buying 6 Protective Factors for Panic Buying 7 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Behavioural Events During Environmental Disasters 1 Introduction 2 Environmental Crisis 2.1 Definition 2.2 Food and Water Insecurities 2.3 Impact of Information 2.4 Stress and Its Effect on Human Brain 2.5 Stress Adaptation Model 3 Major Concepts of Stress Model 3.1 Biopsychosocial Model 3.2 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Model 4 Crisis and Coping 5 Behavioural Response to Stress and Precipitation of Crisis 5.1 Homoeostasis 5.2 Alarm Reaction 5.3 Resistance Reaction 5.4 Exhaustion 5.5 Lazarus Model 5.6 Behavioural Responses 5.6.1 Anxiety 5.6.2 Emotional Lability 5.6.3 Feelings of Desperation 5.6.4 Alterations in Sleeping Patterns 5.6.5 Psychomotor Activity 5.6.6 Hypervigilance 5.6.7 Substance Abuse 5.6.8 Withdrawal 5.6.9 Aggression 5.6.10 Compromise 5.6.11 Catastrophising 5.6.12 Negative Self-Talk 5.6.13 Blaming 5.6.14 Denial 5.6.15 Repression 5.6.16 Reaction Formation 5.6.17 Undoing 5.6.18 Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms 5.6.19 Regression 5.6.20 Uncertainty 5.6.21 Hostility 5.6.22 Depression 5.6.23 Insecurity 5.6.24 Difficulty in Concentration and Attention 5.6.25 Fear 5.6.26 Guilt 6 Effects of Environmental Crisis on Social Contexts 6.1 Challenges in Leadership 6.2 Panic Buying and Competitive Hoarding 6.3 Road and Transportation Disturbances 6.4 Corruption 7 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Panic Buying and Its Intrinsic Connection to Disaster 1 Introduction 2 Major Disasters and Associated Panic Buying 3 Three Types of Disaster and Panic Buying Characteristics 4 Disaster and Factors Influencing Panic Buying 4.1 Disaster-Related Factors 4.2 Individual Factors 4.3 Sociocultural Factors 4.4 Politico-environmental Factors 4.5 Protective Factors 5 The Mechanisms Behind Panic Buying 6 How PB Can Affect Disaster Management 7 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Social Structure, Security, Disaster, and Panic Buying 1 Introduction 2 Social Structure and Social Security 3 Disaster, Social Structure, and Social Security 4 Panic Buying in Disaster 5 Social Theories to Explain Panic Buying 5.1 Social Influence 5.2 Social Trust 5.3 Conformity Principles 5.4 Heuristics 5.5 Rumor 5.6 Herd Mentality 5.7 Nash Equilibrium 5.8 Ecological System Theory 6 Social Structure, Social Security and Panic Buying 7 Controversies Regarding Panic Buying 8 Prevention of Panic Buying 9 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Disaster, Health, and Panic Buying 1 Introduction 1.1 Panic Buying (PB) 1.2 COVID-19 Pandemic as a Global Disaster That Triggered Interest in PB Phenomenon 2 Disaster, Health, and Panic Buying: Deconstructing the Relationship 2.1 Disruption of Global Supply Chains Due to Disaster 2.1.1 Global Supply Chains 2.1.2 Disruption of Global Supply Chains Due to Disaster 2.2 Disaster-Related Antecedents to Panic Buying 2.2.1 Scarcity Principle 2.2.2 Media Reporting 2.2.3 Government Steps 2.2.4 Contagion Theory 2.2.5 Fear of Missing Out and Anticipated Regret 2.2.6 Other Theories/Principles 2.2.6.1 Age 2.2.6.2 Gender 2.2.6.3 Cultural 2.3 Risk Factors for Panic Buying 2.3.1 Biological Risk Factors 2.3.2 Social Risk Factors 2.3.3 Psychological Risk Factors 2.3.3.1 Anxiety/Fear 2.3.3.2 Depression 2.3.3.3 COVID Stress Syndrome 2.3.3.4 Risk Perception 2.3.3.5 Consumer Characteristics 3 Disasters and Health 3.1 Implications for Physical Health 3.2 Implications for Mental Health 3.3 Implications for Healthcare Systems 4 Impact of Panic Buying on Health 4.1 Panic Buying of Healthcare Products 4.2 Panic Buying of Essential and Repurposed Drugs During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4.3 Increased Risk of Infection 4.4 Mushrooming of Bogus and Substandard Medical Products 5 Prevention of Panic Buying During Disaster 6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Disaster and Consumption Behavior 1 Introduction 2 Impact of Disaster on Human Needs 3 Disaster and Human Behavior 3.1 Disaster and Human Behavior 3.2 Behavioral Model Explaining Human Behaviour During Disaster 3.3 Classification of Human Behaviour During Disaster 3.3.1 Behavior in Terms of the Time Period of Disaster 3.3.2 Behavior in Terms of Typology of Organized Behavior 3.4 Behaviors in Terms of Psychological Reactions to Disasters 4 Consumption Behavior 4.1 Factors Influencing Consumption Behavior 4.2 Predictors of Consumption Behavior 4.3 Abnormal Consumption Behavior and Implications 5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: From Molecules to the Marketplace: The Theoretical Basis for Panic Buying During Disasters 1 A Brief History of Panic Buying 2 Dimensions of Theoretical Analysis of Panic Buying 2.1 Biological Perspectives 2.2 Psychological Perspectives 2.3 Sociological Perspectives 2.3.1 Cultural Factors 2.3.2 Governmental Factors 2.3.3 Media-Related Factors 2.4 Economic Perspectives 2.4.1 Individual Economic Factors 2.4.2 Retailer Factors 2.4.3 Supply-Related Factors 2.5 Disaster-Specific Perspectives 2.6 Panic Buying as the “Sixth Factor” Driving Panic Buying 3 Establishing Links Between Factors Influencing Panic Buying at Different Levels 3.1 Instigation, Impellance and Inhibition: Using the I3 Model as a Meta-Theoretical Framework to Understand Panic Buying 3.2 From Theory to Practice: Using Artificial Intelligence to Model Panic Buying 4 Limitations of Theoretical Models of Panic Buying 5 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Characteristics of Panic Buying During Disaster: Pre-disaster, Disaster, and Post-disaster Phase 1 Introduction 1.1 Disaster 1.2 Different Phases of Disaster and the Change of Human Behavior During These Phases 1.3 Panic Buying 1.4 Panic Buying Relating with Disasters in Different Phases 2 Theoretical Perspectives 2.1 Causative Model 2.2 Social Learning Theory 2.3 Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Theory 2.4 Health Belief Model 3 Attributing Factors of Panic Buying During Different Phases of Disaster 3.1 Behavioral Factors/Consumer Attributes 3.2 Social Influence 3.3 Uncertainties of Duration 3.4 Marketing Programs 3.5 Role of Media 3.6 Past Experiences 3.7 Lack of Trust in Government/Authority 3.8 Psychosocial Factors 3.8.1 Sense of Perceived Insecurity 3.8.2 Sense of Perceived Scarcity 3.8.3 Sense of Perceived Danger and Health Crisis 3.9 Disrupted Social Support 3.10 Anticipation of Price Hike 4 Characteristics of Panic Buying During Different Phases of Disaster and Their Prevention 4.1 Panic Buying and its Prevention During Pre-disaster Phase 4.2 Panic Buying and its Prevention During Disaster Phase 4.3 Panic Buying and its Prevention During Post-disaster Phase 5 Recommendations 6 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Communication During Disasters: Role in Contributing to and Prevention of Panic Buying 1 Introduction 1.1 Communication 1.2 Media 1.2.1 Traditional Media 1.2.1.1 Print Media 1.2.1.2 Broadcast Media 1.2.2 Digital Media 1.2.3 Mass Media 1.3 Disaster 1.3.1 Consequences of Disaster 1.4 Panic Buying 1.4.1 Attributing Factors of Panic Buying 1.4.2 Consequences of Panic Buying 1.5 Communication During Disaster 2 Theoretical Approaches 2.1 Concept of Risk and Disaster Communication 2.2 Theories of Risk Communication 2.2.1 The Trust Determination Theory 2.2.2 Mental Noise Theory 2.2.3 Negative Dominance Theory 2.2.4 The Risk Perception/Outrage Theory 2.3 Forms of Risk Communication 2.3.1 Public Relations: Low Outrage, High Hazard 2.3.2 Stakeholder Relations: Medium Hazard, Medium Outrage 2.3.3 Outrage Management: Low Hazard, High Outrage 2.3.4 Crisis Communication: High Hazard, High Outrage 3 Causative Role of Communication in Panic Buying During Disasters 3.1 Communication Regarding Disaster 3.2 Communication Regarding Panic Buying Episodes 4 Preventive Role of Communication in Tackling Panic Buying During Disasters 4.1 Communication Interventions Before, During, and Post Disaster 4.1.1 Educating the Mass 4.1.2 Media Intervention 4.1.3 Public Perception and Expert Opinion 4.1.4 Policy Interventions and Regulatory Measures 5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Disaster, Public Health, and Panic Buying 1 Introduction 2 Disaster and Public Health 2.1 Major Disasters and Public Health Crises 2.2 Disaster and Public Health Preparedness 3 Panic Buying in Disaster Time 3.1 What Is Panic Buying? 3.2 Panic Buying or Disaster Preparedness: Where Do We Draw the Line? 3.3 Triggers of Panic Buying 4 Controlling Measures of Panic Buying During a Disaster 4.1 Different Controlling Measures 4.2 Communication Between Public Health and the Public 4.3 Behavioural and Public Health Intervention 4.4 Legislations and Policy Evaluation 5 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Measurement of Panic Buying in Individual and Social Level 1 Introduction 2 Biopsychosocial Approach to Understand the Panic Buying Phenomenon 2.1 Biological Factors 2.2 Social Factors 2.2.1 Adherence to Social Distancing and Restrictions on Movement 2.2.2 Lack of Social Trust 2.2.3 Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM)/Role of Social Media Practices 2.3 Psychological Factors 2.3.1 Perception of Threat 2.3.2 Emotional Distress: Fear and Anxiety 2.3.3 Coping Mechanism 2.3.4 Personality Traits 2.3.5 Belongingness and Safety-Seeking Behavior 3 Measurement of Panic Buying 3.1 Importance of Prediction and Measurement of Panic Buying During Disaster at Societal/Group Level 3.2 How We Can Measure in Societal/Group Level 3.3 Importance of Prediction and Measurement of Panic Buying During Disaster at Individual Level 3.4 How We Can Measure in Individual Level 3.5 Challenges to Measure Panic Buying 3.6 Component of a Standard Panic Buying Measuring Instrument 3.7 Available Tools 3.8 Need for Cross-Cultural Research 4 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Prevention Strategies of Panic Buying During Disaster 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Connections Between Disaster and Panic Buying 3 Methods 3.1 Search Strategy 3.2 Inclusion Criteria 3.3 Exclusion Criteria 3.4 Outcome Variables 3.5 Data Extraction 4 Prevention Strategies 4.1 Distribution of the Studies 4.2 Domains of Prevention Strategies 4.2.1 Sensible Media Reporting 4.2.2 Public Health Authority Activity 4.2.2.1 Assurance of the Stock 4.2.2.2 Raising Awareness 4.2.2.3 Direct, Clear, and Sensible Communication to the People 4.2.2.4 Subsidized Sales of the Goods 4.2.2.5 Reduction of Import Duty 4.2.2.6 Monitoring and Punishment 4.2.2.7 Psychosocial Support 4.2.3 Supply Chain Management 4.2.3.1 Sustainable Supply of Necessary Goods 4.2.3.2 Import from Alternative Source 4.2.3.3 Product Substitution 4.2.3.4 Resilient E-commerce 4.2.3.5 Rapid Replenishment 4.2.4 Psychological Measures 4.2.4.1 Online Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) 4.2.4.2 Promotion of Kinship 4.2.5 (De)marketing 4.2.5.1 Rationing 4.2.5.2 Avoiding Price Hike 5 Prevention Strategies in Different Phases of Disaster 5.1 Universal, Selected, and Indicated Strategies 5.1.1 Universal Strategies 5.1.2 Selected and Indicated Strategies 5.2 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention Strategies 5.2.1 Primary Prevention Strategies 5.2.2 Secondary Prevention Strategies 5.2.3 Tertiary Prevention Strategies 5.3 Prevention in Pre-disaster, Disaster, and Post-disaster Phase 5.3.1 Pre-disaster Phase Prevention Strategies 5.3.2 During Disaster Prevention Strategies 5.3.3 Post-disaster Phase Prevention Strategies 5.4 What Is Already Known? 5.5 What It Adds 5.6 Limitations and Strengths 6 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Disaster Preparedness and Panic Buying 1 Introduction 2 Disaster 2.1 Definition 2.2 Types of Disasters 2.3 Phases of Disaster 3 Disaster Management 4 Disaster Preparedness (DP) 4.1 Behavioral Perspectives of Disaster Preparedness 5 Panic Buying (PB) 5.1 Factors Influencing Panic Buying Behavior 5.2 Behavioral and Psychological Perspectives of Panic Buying 6 Prevention of Panic Buying During Disasters 6.1 Need for Prevention 6.2 Preparedness Strategies 6.2.1 Universal Prevention Strategies 6.2.2 Selective Prevention Strategies 6.2.3 Indicated Prevention Strategies 7 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Disaster, E-Commerce, and Panic Buying 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is a Disaster? 1.2 What Is E-Commerce? 1.3 What Is Panic Buying? 2 Disaster and E-commerce 2.1 Hazards and Disasters 2.2 Global Influence of Natural Disasters 2.3 Impact of Disasters on E-commerce 2.3.1 Negative Impact of Disasters on E-commerce 2.3.2 Positive Impact of Disasters on E-commerce 3 Panic Buying and E-commerce During a Disaster 3.1 Panic Buying: A Natural Reaction? 3.2 Antecedents and Consequences of Panic Buying 3.3 Relationship Between Panic Buying and Disasters 3.4 Role of E-commerce in Aggravating and Controlling Panic Buying 4 Disaster and Sustainable E-commerce 4.1 Threats to E-commerce Necessitating a Backup Fulfillment Plan 4.2 Critical Components of an E-commerce Continuity Plan 4.3 Disaster Recovery Planning and Management 4.3.1 The Phases of Business Continuity Planning, Implementation, and Management 4.4 Benefits of Disaster Recovery Plan 5 Mechanism for Controlling Panic Buying Through E-commerce During Disasters 5.1 Potential Role of Public Figures and Advocacy Groups as Influencers of Behavior Changes 5.2 State Policies and Public-Private Collaboration Agreements 6 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Public Health Administration in Controlling Panic Buying During Disaster 1 Introduction 2 Factors Associated with Panic Buying 3 Healthcare System Public Awareness and Communication Strategies 4 Healthcare System Strategic Planning During Disasters Focusing Panic Buying 5 Health Informatics Strategies and Digital Health Management to Manage Healthcare Consumer’s Panic Buying in the Time of a Disaster 6 Healthcare Emergency Fund 7 Disaster Management Stewards Overcoming Panic Buying 7.1 Role of Health Sector in a Multidisciplinary Partnership During Disaster Rapid Response Phase to Prevent Panic Buying 7.2 Community Engagement 7.3 Information Management and Sharing 7.4 Role of Local and National Governments in Managing Panic Buying During a Disaster 8 Conclusion References Chapter 16: Artificial Intelligence and Prevention of Panic Buying During Disasters 1 Introduction 1.1 Panic Buying (PB) 1.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 2 Predictors and Contributing Factors to Panic Buying 2.1 Correlates of Panic Buying 2.2 Predictors of Panic Buying 3 Theoretical Explanatory Models of Panic Buying 3.1 Game Theory 3.2 Health Anxiety and Perceived Vulnerability to Disease 3.3 Automatic Process of Goal-Directed Behavior of Panic Buying 3.4 Other Contributing Factors 4 Consequences of Panic Buying 5 Historical Perspectives of Panic Buying 6 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Fields of Mental Healthcare and During the Pandemic 6.1 Role of AI in Mental Health 6.2 Role of AI During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7 Role of AI in Panic Buying 7.1 Computational Communication Paradigm for the Simulation of the Public Opinion Communication Process of PB (Li et al., 2020) 7.2 The Pentagon Model (“The Pentagon Will Use AI to Predict Panic Buying, COVID-19 Hotspots,” n.d.) 7.3 The Data-Driven AI Framework Developed by Canadian Researchers (“How AI Can Tame Pandemic Panic Buying,” 2021) 7.4 Other Working Models of AI That Could Be Considered for the Prevention of PB (“Supermarkets of the Future,” 2021) 8 Challenges in Implementation of AI in PB Prevention During Disasters 9 Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 17: Panic Buying and Special Conditions During Disasters: Extreme Age, Marginalized People, People with Chronic Disease, and People with Alcoholism 1 Introduction 1.1 A Predicament of Uncertainty in the Face of Disasters 1.2 The Dangers Presented by the Pandemic 1.3 Perceived Risk and the “Mass Anxiety” 2 Panic Buying 2.1 Definition 2.2 Spectrum of Normality Versus a Pathological Variant: How Do We Understand It? 3 Panic Buying Can Have Negative Consequences 3.1 Physical Consequences: Hoarding and Apparent Deficit 3.2 What Happens in the Mind? Real Versus Perceived Deficit 3.3 Societal Reaction to Panic Buying 3.4 Economic Consequences 3.5 Legal Liabilities and Policy Implications 4 Panic Buying in Special Circumstances 4.1 Age Extremes 4.2 Marginalized Populations 4.3 People with Chronic Disease Issues 4.4 Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders 5 Biopsychosocial Underpinnings 5.1 Vulnerability 5.2 Physiological and Psychological Stress Reactions 5.3 Examining from a Sociological Standpoint 6 How Can We Make a Difference? 6.1 Preparedness for a Disaster 6.2 When it Comes to Preventing Panic Buying, Culture Is Critical 6.3 Role of Other Stakeholders 7 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Panic Buying and Health Literacy During Environmental Disasters 1 Understanding of Panic Buying 2 Health Literacy: Introduction and Its Significance 3 Environmental Disasters 4 Relevance of Health Literacy and Panic Buying During Environmental Disasters in the Light of Different Theories 4.1 Perceived Scarcity Theory 4.2 Contagion Theory 4.3 Cognitive Model 4.4 Health Belief Model 5 Why Is Health Literacy Associated with Panic Buying During Disasters? 6 How Can Media, Organizations, Communities, and Individuals Improve Health Literacy in Order to Avoid Panic Buying During Disasters? 7 Conclusion References Index