دانلود کتاب Pediatric Liver Transplantation: A Clinical Guide

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Inside-Front-Cover_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Inside Front cover
Front-Matter_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Front Matter
Copyright_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Dedication
Preface_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Preface
List-of-Contributors_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
List of Contributors
1---Brief-History-of-Pediatric-Liver-Transpl_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplant
Brief History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Principal Historical Milestones and Breakthroughs
Technical Aspects
The Piggyback Technique
Portal Vein Reconstruction
Biliary Drainage
Initiation of Clinical Experience
The National Institutes of Health Statement
Holistic Pediatric Approach
Technical Variants Addressing Shortage of Full-Size Grafts From Pediatric Donors
Medical Aspects
Indications
Immunosuppression
Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
New Challenges
Shortage of Post Mortem Organ Donors
Liver Preservation
Withdrawal of Immunosuppression and Tolerance Induction
Long-Term Histologic Deterioration/De Novo Post-Liver Transplantation Autoimmune Hepatitis
Historical Milestones
References
2---What-Is-Different-Between-Pediatric-and-Adult_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Trans
What Is Different Between Pediatric and Adult Liver Transplantation?
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Pediatric Hepatology
Organ Donation
Liver Transplantation Procedure
Post-transplantation Care and Complications
Immunological Complications
Surgical Complications
Infectious Complications
Outcomes and Quality of Life
References
3---Health-System-Requirements-for-Pediatric-Liv_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transp
Health System Requirements for Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Team
Referral and Candidate Selection
Waitlist
Immediate Pre- and Post-transplant Period
Value Chain
Value Shop
Value Networks
Long-Term Follow-Up
The Chronic Care Model
Barriers to Achieving Ideal Long-Term Outcomes
Conclusion/Summary
References
4---Managing-a-Scarce-Resource-in-Pediatric-Live_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transp
Managing a Scarce Resource in Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Maximize Donation
Candidate Conversion
Patient Selection
Allocation
Procurement
Transplantation and Long-Term Care
References
5---Indications-and-Contraindications-for-Pediatr_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Trans
Indications and Contraindications for Pediatric Liver Transplant
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Evolution
Controversial Indications
Relative and Absolute Contraindications
Summary
References
6---Preparation-for-Pediatric-Liver-Transplant-_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transpl
Preparation for Pediatric Liver Transplant: Medical Aspects
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Hepatology
Nutrition
Nutritional Support
Overweight
Infectious disease
Viruses
Bacteria
Pre-transplant Management
Immunization
Accelerated Schedule
Catch-up
Influenza
Cardiology
Pulmonary
Nephrology
Kidney Function Assessment
Bone Health
Endocrinology
Neurological
Hematology
Anemia
Pancytopenia
Blood Group
Coagulation
Oncology
Other Systems
Allergy
Dermatology
Ophthalmology
Dental
Gynecology
Conclusion
References
7---Psychological-Social-Aspects_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Psychological/Social Aspects
Chapter Outline
Illness Phase
Living With Chronic Disease
Preparing the Child for Transplant
Transplant Phase
Referral
Psychological Aspects
Waitlist
Financial Stress
Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Transplantation Education
Misconceptions
Health Literacy
Consent and Assent
Decision Making and Information
Transplant Choice
Transplant Data
Conclusion
References
8---Living-Donor-Liver-Transplantation-in-Ch_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplant
Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Children
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Living Donor Selection and Workup
Presurgical Evaluation of Recipients
Surgical Technique
Donor
Recipient
Portal Vein Reconstruction in the Case of Hypoplasia
Inferior Vena Cava Replacement
Hepatic Vein Anastomosis
Portal Vein Anastomosis
Hepatic Artery Anastomosis
Arterial Reconstruction in the Case of Inadequate Quality of Hepatic Artery
Biliary Anastomosis
Outcome
Donors
Recipients
Perspectives/Conclusion
References
9---ABO-Incompatibility--Indications-and-Man_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplant
ABO Incompatibility: Indications and Management
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Basic Pathophysiology and Pathological Findings
Strategies to Overcome ABO Incompatibility in Liver Transplantation
Procedures Aimed at B-Cell Depletion
Splenectomy
Rituximab
Basiliximab
Procedures Resulting in the Inhibition of Antibody Production: Intravenous Immunoglobulins
Procedures Eliminating Anti-A/B Antibodies
Plasmapheresis
Graft Local Infusion Therapy
Portal Vein Infusion Therapy or Hepatic Artery Infusion Therapy, Local Graft Infusion Therapy
Perioperative Strategies in ABOi Liver Transplantation
Protocols Used in Adults
Elective Living Donor Liver Transplantation
ABOi Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation or Emergency Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Adults
Protocols Used in Pediatric Patients
Children Younger Than 2 Years of Age
Children Older Than 2 Years of Age
Summary
References
10---Liver-and-Hematopoietic-Stem-Cell-Transp_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplan
Liver and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Liver and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Achieving Immunological Tolerance
Liver and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Primary Immune Deficiencies
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia After Liver Transplantation
Controversial Indications for Liver and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Hematological Conditions
Malignancies
Metabolic Indications
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Liver Disease
References
11---Combined-Liver-and-Kidney-Transplanta_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantat
Combined Liver and Kidney Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Indications
Timing of Transplantation
Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection
Operative and Post-operative Medical Management
Immunosuppression
Transplantation Surveillance: Monitoring and Management
Outcome
Summary
References
12---Combined-Transplantation-Liver-Heart--Lung-_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transp
Combined Transplantation Liver-Heart, Lung, and/or Pancreas
Chapter Outline
Liver-Heart
Indication
Timing of Transplantation
Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection
Post-operative Management
Immunosuppression
Transplant Surveillance: Monitoring and Management
Outcomes
Liver-Lung
Indication
Timing of Transplantation
Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection
Post-operative Management
Immunosuppression
Transplant Surveillance: Monitoring and Management
Outcome
Liver-Pancreas
Indication
Timing of Transplantation
Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection
Post-operative Management
Immunosuppression
Transplant Surveillance: Monitoring and Management
Outcome
References
13---Combined-Liver-and-Small-Bowel-Transpla_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplant
Combined Liver and Small Bowel Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Indications
Intestinal Failure
Causes of Intestinal Failure
Complications of Home Parenteral Nutrition Limiting Its Long-Term Performance
Timing of Transplantation
General Evaluation
Kidney Function
Infections
Anti-Human Leukocyte Antigen Immunization and Immunological Risk
Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection
General
The Small Bowel
The Liver
Multivisceral Transplantation
Transplantation of the Right Colon
Post-operative Management
Feeding
Immunosuppression
Other Treatments
Intestinal Transplantation Surveillance: Monitoring and Management
Rejection
Infections
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Surgical Complications
Renal Complications
Results, Follow-Up, and Quality of Life
Survival (Fig. 13.3)
Graft Function and Growth
Quality of Life
Conclusion
References
14---The-Transplant-Procedure--Surgical-Aspects_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transpl
The Transplant Procedure: Surgical Aspects and Techniques
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Historical Background
Pediatric Liver Transplantation: Graft Types
Whole Liver Transplantation
Reduced Size Liver Transplantation
Split Liver Transplantation
Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation
Domino Liver Transplantation and the Emerging Concepts of Domino Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation and Cro ...
ABO-Incompatible Liver Transplantation
Operative Considerations
Recipient Hepatectomy
Size Discrepancy
Hepatic Vein Anastomosis
Portal Vein Anastomosis
Hepatic Artery Anastomosis
Biliary Anastomosis
Abdominal Closure
Technical Refinements in Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Space for Graft
Implantation
Overcoming Portal Steal and Graft Atrophy
Managing Size Mismatch in Arterial Anastomosis
Managing Surgical Complications
Early Post-operative Period
Vascular Complications
Biliary Complications
Enteric Complications and Reoperation
Conclusion
References
15---Anesthetic-Aspects_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Anesthetic Aspects
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Anesthesia Assessment for Potential Transplant Candidates
Hepatic Syndromes
Cardiac Disease
Respiratory Disease
Renal Disease
Neurological Disease
Too Sick to Transplant?
Standard Anesthesia Technique
Set up and Equipment
Surgical Stages and Predictable Consequences for the Anesthetist
Dissection
Anhepatic
Reperfusion
Biliary Anastomosis and Closure
Factors Influencing Anesthesia
Cirrhosis and Absent Inferior Vena Cava in Biliary Atresia With Splenic Malformation Compared With Metabolic Disorders
Coagulation in Liver Disease and Fluid Replacement During Transplantation
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Portopulmonary Syndrome
Targets for Post-operative Intensive Care Unit Transfer
Special Cases
Intercurrent Illness on the day of Transplant
Acute Liver Failure
Retransplantation
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Combined Liver-Kidney Transplantation
Small Bowel, Small Bowel-Liver, and Multivisceral Transplantation
Combined Liver-Lung and Liver-Heart-Lung Transplantation
Conclusion
References
16---Post-Operative-Care-After-Liver-Transpl_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplant
Post-Operative Care After Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Post-Operative Monitoring and General Management
Hemodynamic Management
Respiratory Management
Surgical Management
Liver-Specific Management
Renal/Metabolic Management
Infection
Post-Operative Analgesia
Primary Non-Function of the Graft
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Post-Operative Vasoplegia
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Fluid resuscitation
Vasopressors
Monitoring
Post-Operative Bacterial Sepsis and Septic Shock
References
17---Types-of-Rejection_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Types of Rejection
Chapter Outline
Immunological Mechanisms of Rejection
The Liver as a ``Privileged´´ Organ
Immunoresponsiveness of Children
Principles of the Diagnosis of Rejection
Acute Cell-Mediated Rejection
Pathology of Acute Cell-Mediated Rejection
Treatment of Acute Cell-Mediated Rejection
Chronic Rejection
Pathology of Chronic Rejection
Treatment of Chronic Rejection
Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Pathology of Acute and Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Treatment of Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Donor-Specific Antibodies Affecting Long-Term Outcome
Monitoring for Donor-Specific Antibodies: Pre-Transplantation and Post-Transplantation
Conclusion
References
18---Anti-rejection-Strategies_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Anti-rejection Strategies
Introduction
Induction of Anti-rejection
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Corticosteroids
Other Drugs and Renal Sparing
ABO-Incompatible Donor
Retransplantation and Tailor-Made Approaches
Steroid-Resistant Rejection
New Strategies and the Future
References
19---Anti-infection-Strategies_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Anti-infection Strategies
Chapter Outline
Anti-infection Strategies
Viruses
Influenza
Anti-influenza Medications
Adamantanes (Amantadine and Rimantadine)
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Spectrum
Resistance
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Spectrum
Resistance
Oseltamivir
Zanamivir
Influenza Prevention and Treatment
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Prevention
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Treatment
Respiratory Viruses Other Than Influenza
Antivirals
Ribavirin
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Spectrum
Resistance
Prevention and Treatment
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Parainfluenza Virus
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Human Metapneumovirus
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Herpesviruses
Antivirals
Acyclovir/Valacyclovir
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Spectrum
Resistance. HSV
VZV
Resistance Testing
Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Spectrum
Resistance
Foscarnet
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Spectrum
Resistance
Cidofovir/Brincidofovir
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Spectrum
Resistance
Letermovir
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Resistance
Prevention and Treatment
Cytomegalovirus
Prevention
AST Recommendations
TTS Recommendations
Authors Recommendations
Treatment
Treatment of V(GCV)-resistant Infections
Herpes Simplex Virus
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Prophylaxis
Post-exposure Prophylaxis
Treatment
Epstein-Barr Virus
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Human Herpesvirus 6 and Human Herpesvirus 7
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Other Viruses
Adenovirus
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Prophylaxis
Treatment
BK Virus
Rotavirus/Norovirus
Other Emerging Viruses
Bacteria
Timeline of Infections
Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Methicillin-Resistant S. Aureus
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase
Carbapenem-resistant bacteria
Fungi
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Pneumocystis Jirovecii
Candida Spp.
Aspergillus Spp.
Other Molds, Dimorphics, and Fungi
Conclusion
References
20---Early-Vascular-Complications_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Early Vascular Complications
Chapter Outline
General Considerations
Early Hepatic Artery Complications
Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
Risk Factors for Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
Consequences and Management of Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
Early Hepatic Artery Stenosis
Risk Factors for Early Hepatic Artery Stenosis
Consequences and Management of Early Hepatic Artery Stenosis
Hepatic Artery Pseudo-aneurysm
Hepatic Artery Steal Syndrome
Early Portal Vein Complications
Early Portal Vein Thrombosis
Risk Factors for Early Portal Vein Thrombosis
Consequences and Management of Early Portal Vein Thrombosis
Portal Vein Stenosis
Early Hepatic Vein Complications
Early Hepatic Vein Thrombosis
Early Hepatic Vein Stenosis
Anti-coagulation in Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Hemorrhage
Conclusions
References
21---Biliary-Complications-in-Pediatric-Liver-T_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transpl
Biliary Complications in Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Biliary Leaks
Anastomotic Strictures
Non-anastomotic Strictures
Missing or Excluded duct
Treatment
References
22---General-Aspects-of-Early-Management_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantatio
General Aspects of Early Management
Chapter Outline
Introduction
The Clavien-Dindo Classification
Drain Losses After Liver Transplantation
Small-for-size Syndrome
Large-for-size Syndrome
Liver Transplantation in Neonates and Small Infants
Delayed Abdominal Closure and Reduced-Size Grafts
Calcineurin Inhibitor Metabolism
Transplant-Acquired Disease
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Conclusion
References
23---Hematologic-Complications-After-Liver-Tr_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplan
Hematologic Complications After Liver Transplant
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Early Anemia
Passenger Lymphocyte Syndrome
Aplastic Anemia
Autoimmune Cytopenias
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Summary
References
24---Role-of-Histology-Following-Pediatric-Liver_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transp
Role of Histology Following Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Practical Considerations
Histopathology of the Recipient Liver
Post-Reperfusion Biopsies
Technical Complications
Small-for-Size Syndrome
Preservation/Re-Perfusion Injury
Primary Non-Function
Vascular Complications
Biliary Complications
Immunological Complications
Rejection
T-Cell-Mediated Rejection
Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Plasma Cell-Rich Rejection
Complications of Immunosuppression
Infection
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Late-Allograft Biopsies
References
25---Surgical-Complications_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Surgical Complications
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Late Vascular Problems
Inferior Vena Cava
Hepatic Veins
Hepatic Artery
Hepatic Artery Stricture
Hepatic Artery Late Thrombosis
Portal Vein
Portal Vein Stricture
Portal Vein Thrombosis
Unusual Causes of Surgical Abdominal Problems After a Transplantation
Internal Hernia and a Volvulus of the Bowel
Along the Roux-en-Y
Right-Sided Diaphragmatic Hernia
Abdominal Tumors
Graft Remodeling
References
Suggested Reading
26---Recurrence-of-Disease-After-Liver-Transp_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplan
Recurrence of Disease After Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Autoimmune Liver Disease
Epidemiology
Diagnosis of Recurrence
Risk Factors for Recurrence
Treatment
Prognosis
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2
Epidemiology
Diagnosis of Recurrence
Risk Factors for Recurrence
Treatment
Prognosis
Post-transplantation Complications of Specific Rare Conditions
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Giant Cell Coombs-Positive Hepatitis of Infancy
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 1
References
27---Immunological-and-Other-Late-Complicat_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplanta
Immunological and Other Late Complications
Chapter Outline
Immune-Mediated Disorders
Autoimmunity or Alloimmunity
Clinical Relevance of Serum Non-organ-specific Autoantibodies and de novo Autoimmune Hepatitis
Clinical Significance of Serum Anti-Human Leukocyte Antigen Donor-Specific Antibodies and Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Post-transplant Allergy
De novo Food Allergy
Post-transplant Immune Cytopenias
Nonimmune-Mediated Complications of Chronic Immunosuppression
Chronic Kidney Disease
Pancreatic Complications
Acute Pancreatitis
Diabetes Mellitus
Cardiovascular Morbidity
Late Infectious Complications
Preventable Viral Infections and Vaccination
Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection
References
28---Post-transplant-Lymphoproliferative-Di_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplanta
Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Epstein-Barr Virus-Driven B-Cell Proliferation
Impaired Control of Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B-Cell Proliferation by Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific T Cells
Genetic Hits and Additional Factors
Origin of Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Early and Late Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Development
Histopathological Classification
Incidence and Risk Factors in Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Incidence of Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Risk Factors
Immunosuppression
Human Leukocyte Antigen Association
Other Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Clinical Symptoms
Biopsy and Histology
Imaging and Staging
Laboratory Examination
Treatment
Reduction of Immunosuppression
Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy of B-cell Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Diseases
Rare Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Subtypes
Cellular Epstein-Barr Virus-Directed Therapy
Antiviral Therapy
Prognosis
Potential Complications and Long-Term Care
Prevention and Early Detection of Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Antiviral Prophylaxis
Screening Parameters
Special Considerations
References
29---Role-of-Radiology-and-Interventional-Radiology-_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Tr
Role of Radiology and Interventional Radiology After Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Diagnosis of Complications: Role of Imaging Modalities
Systematic Follow-up
Biliary Complications
Vascular Complications
Hepatic Artery
Portal Vein
Hepatic Vein and Inferior Vena Cava
Steatosis
Tumors
Interventional Radiology for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome
Image-Guided Biopsies (Percutaneous and Transjugular)
Percutaneous Treatment of Biliary Complications
Biliary Leaks
Biliary Strictures
Endovascular Treatment of Vascular Complications (Angiography)
Hepatic Artery Complications
Portal Vein Complications
Hepatic Vein and Inferior Vena Cava Complications
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
Conclusion
References
30---Role-of-Biomarkers-in-Monitoring-Liver-All_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transpl
Role of Biomarkers in Monitoring Liver Allograft Function
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Graft Fibrosis
Serological Markers
Hyaluronic Acid
Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Score
FibroSure Test
Fibrosis Score 4
Aspartate Aminotransferase Platelet Ratio Index
Imaging Techniques
Transient Elastography by FibroScan
Acoustic Radiation Force Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Elastography and Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
References
31---Liver-Assist-Systems-in-Pediatric-Liver_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplant
Liver Assist Systems in Pediatric Liver Failure
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Indications for an Extracorporeal Liver Support System
Artificial Liver Support
Types of Artificial Liver Support
Albumin Dialysis
Plasmapheresis
Efficacy of Albumin Dialysis on Laboratory and Clinical Outcomes
Biochemistry
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hemodynamics
Efficacy of Albumin Dialysis on Laboratory Parameters and Survival Outcomes
Safety of Albumin Dialysis
Efficacy of Albumin Dialysis in Pediatrics
Efficacy of Plasmapheresis-Adult and Pediatric Data
Bioartificial Liver Support
References
32---Cell-Transplantation_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Cell Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Hepatocyte Transplantation
Clinical Application
Material Source
Hepatocyte Isolation
Quality Control
Dose and Route of Administration
Engraftment Evaluation and Enhancement
Immunosuppression
How to Overcome Hepatocyte Transplantation Barriers
Stem and Progenitor Cell-Based Cell Transplantation
Stem and Progenitor Cells and Their Regenerative Potential
Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Acquired Liver Diseases-Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Medicinal Signaling Cells
Remaining Challenges and Conclusion
References
33---Gene-Therapy_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Gene Therapy
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Why Gene Therapy? What Is the Advantage Compared With Liver Transplantation? Pros and Cons for Liver Transplantation and Ge ...
The Clinical Experience With Liver Gene Transfer
Delivery Tools (Vectors) With Advantages and Disadvantages for Each
Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Gene Therapy Approaches (Gene Repair, Gene Addition, Gene Editing, Homologous Rec ...
Disease-Specific Aspects and Milestones
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1
Primary Hyperoxaluria
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency
Tyrosinemia Type 1
Wilson Disease
Current Challenges of In Vivo Gene Transfer With Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors
Immunogenicity of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors
T-Cell-Mediated Immunity to Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors
Humoral Immunity to Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors
Transgene Immunogenicity
Genotoxicity
Adeno-Associated Virus Persistence in the Developing Liver
Conclusions
References
34---Biliary-Atresia_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Biliary Atresia
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Kasai Portoenterostomy
Liver Transplantation
Indications
Primary Transplantation
Unsuccessful Kasai Procedure
Recurrent Life-Threatening Cholangitis
Failure to Thrive
Portal Hypertension
Pruritus
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Malignancy
Portopulmonary Syndrome
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Cardiomyopathy
Considerations While Awaiting Liver Transplantation
Nutrition
Cholangitis
Immunizations
Technical Considerations for Transplantation in Biliary Atresia
Long-Term Biliary Atresia Care
Controversial Topics
Future Considerations
References
35---Alagille-Syndrome_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Alagille Syndrome
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Growth and Nutrition
Cardiac Involvement
Renal Involvement
Vascular Involvement
Bleeding Risk
Living Related Transplantation
Liver Transplantation Outcomes
Conclusion
References
36---Liver-Transplantation-for-Acute-Liver-Fail_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transpl
Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure in Children
Chapter Outline
Etiology of Pediatric Acute Liver Failure
Diagnostic Procedures Necessary to Prepare for Liver Transplantation
General Management Awaiting Liver Transplantation
Disease-Specific Treatment
Liver Support Devices
Indication and Timing for Liver Transplantation
Selection of Donors
Contraindication to Liver Transplantation
References
37---Auxiliary-Liver-Transplantation-for-Acute-Li_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Trans
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure in Children
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Current Guide to Listing Criteria for Liver Transplant in Acute Liver Failure in Children
Indications
Contraindications
Relative Contraindications
Liver Regeneration
Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplant
History of Auxiliary Liver Transplantation
Heterotopic Auxiliary Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure: Early Results
Patient Selection
Recipient Selection
Donor Selection
Implantation Techniques
Portal Flow Changes After Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure
Post-operative Management
Complications
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure: Later Results
Kings College Hospital Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure Outcomes
Conclusions
References
38---Liver-Transplantation-for-Liver-Tumors-i_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplan
Liver Transplantation for Liver Tumors in Children
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Hepatoblastoma
Epidemiology and Genetics
Treatment
Other Treatment Considerations
Prolonged Chemotherapy Pre-transplantation
Metastectomy in Patients With Disseminated Disease
Immunosuppression Post-transplantation
Chemotherapy in the Post-transplantation Period
Use of Living Versus Cadaveric Donors
Recurrence in Post-transplant Transplantation
Management of Centrally Located Hepatoblastomas
Replacement of Inferior Vena Cava
Interval Between Chemotherapy and Transplantation
Liver Autotransplantation for Hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Epidemiology and Genetics
Treatment
Role of Liver Transplantation in The Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Sarcomas
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma
Role of Liver Transplantation
Vascular Tumors
Liver Hemangiomas
Histiocytic Disorders
Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
References
39---Metabolic-Conditions_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Metabolic Conditions
Chapter Outline
Category 1: Intrinsic Liver Disease With Defect Confined to the Liver
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2
Tyrosinemia Type 1
Category 2: Intrinsic Liver Disease With an Extrahepatic Defect
Cystic Fibrosis-Related Liver Disease
Mitochondrial Liver Diseases
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 1
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
Category 3: No Intrinsic Liver Disease With Defect Confined to Liver
Urea Cycle Disorders
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1
Category 4: No Liver Disease and Extrahepatic Defect
Organic Acidemias
S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase Deficiency
Mitochondrial Disease With a Specific Enzyme Defect
Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy
Domino Transplantation
Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation
References
40---Liver-Retransplantation_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Liver Retransplantation
Chapter Outline
Incidence and Indications-Early and Late Liver Retransplantation
Contraindications for Pediatric Liver Retransplantation
Case 1: Decision Against Further Transplantations Because of Antibody Formation
Case 2: Several Retransplantations After Repeated Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis
Further Considerations
Timing for Relisting Patients With Graft Failure
Deceased Donor Versus Living Related Retransplantation
Immunization, Immunosuppression, and Infection
Outcome of Liver Retransplantation
Ethical Considerations
References
41---Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation-in-As_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantat
Pediatric Liver Transplantation in Asia
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Liver Transplantation in Japan
Organ Allocation System in Japan
Pediatric Liver Transplantation in Japan
Pediatric Liver Transplantation in Other Asian Countries
Taiwan
South Korea
Mainland China
Hong Kong
India
Pakistan
Iran
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Other Asian Countries
Perspectives in Asia
Abbreviations
References
42---Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation-in-South-Ameri_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Tra
Pediatric Liver Transplantation in South America: Incidence and Indications
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Liver Transplantation and Liver Transplantation Centers in South America
Liver Transplantation in Various South American Countries
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Chile
Other Countries
Indications for Liver Transplantation
Viral Infections
Schistosomiasis
Dengue Fever
Yellow Fever
Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Autoimmune Hepatitis
Results After Liver Transplantation
Conclusion
References
43---Psychosocial-Outcomes-After-Pediatric-Liver_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transp
Psychosocial Outcomes After Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Assessment of Psychosocial Aspects After Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Health-Related Quality of Life
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
Patient Age at Liver Transplantation
Patient Gender
Primary Diagnosis
Household Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
Non-Adherence
Sleep Disturbances
Health-Related Quality of Life of the Pediatric Liver Transplantation Recipient Compared With Other Groups
Interventions Targeting Health-Related Quality of Life
Mental Health
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
School Performance
Family Functioning
Medication Adherence
Interventions
Transition to Adult Care
Future Research Recommendations
Conclusion
References
44---Chronic-Graft-Injury_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Chronic Graft Injury
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Natural History of Chronic Graft Injury
Histological Patterns of Chronic Graft Injury
Hepatitis in Long-Term Liver Graft Recipients
Fibrosis in Long-Term Liver Graft Recipients
Differential Diagnoses of Chronic Graft Injury
Recurrent Liver Disease
Hepatitis E Virus Infection
Chronic and Antibody-Mediated Rejection
Diagnostic and Surveillance of Chronic Graft Injury
Protocol Liver Biopsy
Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Graft Integrity
Donor-Specific HLA Antibodies
Non-HLA Autoantibodies
Chronic Graft Injury: Etiology Still Unclear?
Therapeutic Approach
Conclusion and Further Concepts
References
45---Prospects-for-Immune-Tolerance_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Prospects for Immune Tolerance
Chapter Outline
Introduction
The Liver and the Immune System
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells
Kupffer Cells
Dendritic Cells
Liver-Resident Lymphocytes
Hepatocytes
Consequences for Clinical Practice
Induction of Transplantation Tolerance
Practical Considerations
REFERENCES
46---Challenges-for-Young-People-With-Liver-Disease-I_2021_Pediatric-Liver-T
Challenges for Young People With Liver Disease Including Transition to Adult Services
Chapter Outline
Adolescent Development
Neurodevelopmental Changes During Adolescence
Growth and Puberty
Cognitive Development and Challenges in the Liver Transplant Setting
Challenges for Adolescents
To Adhere or Not to Adhere
Mental Health
Self-Management Skills
Multidisciplinary Support and Healthcare Provision for Young People
Models of Healthcare Provision
Integrated Multidisciplinary Work
Peer Support and Mentoring
Conclusion
References
47---Future-of-Liver-Transplantation-in-Chi_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplanta
Future of Liver Transplantation in Children
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Organ Donation
Organ Preservation and the Advent of Machine Perfusion
Surgical Techniques
Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery
Anatomical Models in Surgical Training
Selection of Patients and Timing of Transplant
Repopulating Livers After Transplantation
Medical Management
Immunosuppression
Long-Term Survival and a Natural Life Span
Equality of Access to Health Care
The Long Term
References
Section-1---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Evolution of Transplantation Medicine
Section-11---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Long-Term Issues
Section-2---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Setting for PLT
Section-3---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Preparation for PLT
Section-4---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Combined Transplant Options
Section-5---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Operation
Section-6---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Medical Management
Section-7---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Early Postoperative Complications
Section-8---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Late Postoperative Complications
Section-9---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Complementary Clinical Options to PLT
Section-10---Introduction_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Chronic Management in Specific Indications
Index_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Inside-Back-Cover_2021_Pediatric-Liver-Transplantation
Inside Back Cover