دانلود کتاب Pediatric Overweight and Obesity: Comorbidities, Trajectories, Prevention and Treatments

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Foreword
Foreword (1)
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: Pediatric Overweight and Obesity: Basis for an Early Modification of Their Development
Introduction
Concept
Assessment in Pediatric Ages
Raw and Percentile BMI
BMI z-Score
Relative Body Mass Index (rBMI)
BMI Percentage (% BMI)
Assessment of Body Fat and Its Distribution
Milestones in the History of Obesity with Special Reference to Childhood Obesity
Current Stage
References
Chapter 2: Epidemiology in Different Scenarios
Introduction
Epidemiological Growth of Obesity in the General Population
Epidemiological Evolution of Pediatric Obesity
Developments in the European Region
References
Chapter 3: Etiologic Factors
Introduction
Obesity due to Positive Energy Balance
Food Surplus
Energy Density of Food
Current Interest of Macronutrients in Energy Intake
Eating Patterns
Fast Food
Increased Portion Sizes
Physical Activity (PA)
Obesity from Genetic and Medical Causes
Monogenic Obesities
Genetic Variations
Syndromic Obesity
Risk Factors
References
Chapter 4: Pathogenesis
Bioenergy Balance and Its Measurement
Physiological Basis
Calorimetry
Other Factors Affecting the Energy Balance
Appetite Regulation
Physiological Basis
Signals from the GI Tract
Sweet Taste and Aroma Perception
Signals Initiated in Adipose Tissue
Adipose Tissue
Functional and Cellular Basis
White Adipose Tissue (WAT)
Metabolism in Lipid Tissue
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis
WAT Locations
Adipokines and WAT-Derived Hormones
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
Origin
Location
Function
Assessment of the BAT’s Activity
Other Pathogenetic Aspects of Interest
Epigenetic Modifications
Body Weight Regulation Independent of Conventional Homeostasis
References
Chapter 5: Clinical Features
Introduction
Clinical Findings
Puberty and Associated Disorders
Gynecomastia
Sleep Disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Sleep Duration and Obesity
Psychosocial Problems: Stigma
Bullying
Low Self-Esteem
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Vitamin D
Additional Determinations
Genetic Studies
Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Assessment
Assessment of Physical Activity
Specific Anthropometry: Abdominal Fat Assessment
Evaluation of the Central Fat Content
Evaluation of Body Composition
References
Chapter 6: Comorbid Conditions of Pediatric Obesity
Concept
Prevalence
Prevalence of Selected Comorbidities
Causes of Comorbid Conditions
Feeding
Physical Activity
Importance and Stages of Insulin Resistance (IR) in Relation to the Development of Comorbidities
Genomic Bases
Biochemical Basis
Metabolic Syndrome (MS)
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Prevalence of NAFLD
HGNA Histology
Clinical Aspects
Evolution
Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension
Respiratory Disorders
Pickwick’s Syndrome
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
Preventive and Therapeutic Approach to Pediatric Obesity Comorbidities
References
Chapter 7: Evolution, Trajectories, and Prognosis of Pediatric Obesity
Introduction
Body Mass Index (BMI) Trajectories
Excess Weight Maintenance
Prognosis
Prognosis of Pediatric Obesity
Immediate or Present Prognosis
Final Considerations
References
Chapter 8: Prevention
Introduction
Types of Prevention
Implementation of the Prevention of Pediatric Obesity
General Approach
Individual Approach
Who?
How Prevention Can Be Carried Out at the Individual Level
Reduced Dietary Intake
Increased Physical Activity (PA)
Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Lifestyle
Inadequate Sleep
Involving Parents and the Family Environment
Results
Final Considerations
References
Chapter 9: General Treatment of Pediatric Obesity
Introduction
Initial Approach (See Also Chaps. 5 and 6)
Non-drug Therapeutic Approach
Lifestyle Change
Modification of Eating Habits
Physical Activity (PA)
Drug Treatment
Bariatric Surgery (BS)
Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents
Final Considerations
References
Chapter 10: Pediatric Obesity: Where Do We Stand Now?
Socioeconomic Aspects in Relation to the Development of Pediatric Obesity
Medical Aspects
Increasing Awareness of Obesity
Energy Intake
Treatment
Final Reflection
References