دانلود کتاب Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence

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Front Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgements
PART 1 Personality and Individual Differences
CHAPTER 1 Personality Theory in Context
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
General population perspectives: implicit personality theories
Problems with implicit theories
How is personality defined?
Lay definitions of personality
Psychological definitions of personality
The aims of studying personality
The source of the term \'personality\'
Approaches to studying personality: idiographic versus nomothetic
Describing personality
Distinctions and assertions in personality research
Effects of personality versus situational effects
Measurement issues
Strands of personality theorising
The clinical approach and its history
Individual differences\' emphasis on personality and its history
Current conceptualisations of individual differences
Studying personality as a personal experience
Reading critically and evaluating theories
The cultural context of personality theories
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 2 The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Description of Freud\'s theory of personality
Levels of consciousness
The nature of human beings and the source of human motivation
The structure of the personality
The development of personality
Defence mechanisms
Repression
Denial
Projection
Reaction formation
Rationalisation
Conversion reaction
Phobic avoidance
Displacement
Regression
Isolation
Undoing
Sublimation
Clinical applications of Freudian theory
Evaluation of Freudian theory
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity and testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 3 Developments of Freudian Theorising
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Individual psychology of Alfred Adler
Inferiority feelings
Personality development in Adlerian terms
Birth order
Characteristics of the neurotic personality
Adlerian treatment approaches
Evaluation of Adler\'s individual psychology theory
Description
Explanation
Testable concepts and their empirical validity
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
Carl Jung and analytic psychology
Structures within the psyche
Jungian personality types
Jung\'s conception of mental illness and its treatment
Evaluation of Jung\'s theory
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity
Testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
The psychology of Karen Horney
Essentials of Horney\'s theoretical position
The development of the personality and the neurotic personality
Defence mechanisms
Penis envy and female masochism
Evaluation of Horney\'s theory
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity
Testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 4 Learning Theory Perspectives on Personality
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Introduction to learning theory
The clinical perspective within classical conditioning
The radical behaviourism of B. F. Skinner
Attempts to apply learning theory approaches to personality
The stimulus-response model of personality of Dollard and Miller
Albert Bandura and social learning theory
Learning within Bandura\'s model
Personality development in social learning theory
Self-efficacy as a self-regulatory process
Increasing self-efficacy ratings
Measuring self-efficacy
Julian Rotter and locus of control
The impact of locus of control on behaviour
Walter Mischel
The impact of Mischel
Evaluation of learning theory approaches
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity
Testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Personality Theories
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Theory of personal constructs of George A. Kelly
The view of the person in Kelly\'s theory
Concepts within Kelly\'s theory
Personality development according to Kelly
Assessing personality in personal construct theory
Clinical applications of personal construct theory
Albert Ellis and rational-emotive behaviour therapy
Origins of the theory of rational-emotive behaviour therapy
Rational and irrational thoughts
The importance of perception and the subjective worldview
Development of the individual
The basic model of rational-emotive behaviour therapy
Sources of psychological disturbance
Applications of rational-emotive behaviour therapy
Research evidence for effectiveness of rational-emotive behaviour therapy
Contentious issues
Overall evaluation of cognitive approaches
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity
Testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 6 Humanistic Personality Theories
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Historical roots and key elements of the humanistic approach
Abraham Maslow and self-actualisation
Human nature and human motivation
Hierarchy of needs
Discussion of basic needs
Characteristics of self-actualisers
Personality development
Mental illness and its treatment in Maslow\'s approach
Evaluation of Maslow\'s theory
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity
Testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
Carl Rogers and person-centred therapy
Basic principles underlying the theory
Self-actualisation
Effect of society on self-actualisation
Developmental impact on the child of their parents\' self-concept
The role of the actualising tendency in development
Rogers\' conceptualisation of psychological problems
The principles of Rogerian counselling
The role of the therapist or counsellor
Evaluation of Rogers\' theory
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity
Testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
Self-determination theory
The four theories of self-determination theory
Evaluation of self-determination theory
The reward controversy and the eight criteria
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity and testable concepts
Applied value
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 7 The Trait Approach to Personality
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Emergence of personality traits
Defining personality traits
The development of trait theories within psychology
Sheldon and somatotypes
Early lexical approaches to personality and the lexical hypothesis
Gordon Allport
Raymond Cattell and the emergence of the factor analytic approach
Types of traits
Contribution of Cattell
Hans Eysenck\'s trait theory of personality
Eysenck\'s structure of personality
Research evidence for Eysenck\'s types
Psychopathology and Eysenck\'s therapeutic approach
Eysenck\'s contribution to trait theorising
The five-factor model
Evidential sources for the five-factor model
A sixth personality factor? Expanding on the five-factor model of personality
The sixth factor of personality: honesty-humility? The introduction of the HEXACO model of personality
Theory of the HEXACO model of personality structure
The big one? The general factor of personality
The Dark Triad
Evaluation of trait approaches
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 8 Biological Basis of Personality I: Genetic Heritability of Personality and Biological and Physiological Models of Personality
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Behavioural genetics
Behavioural genetics: basic ideas
How the influence of genes is assessed in behavioural genetics
Methods for assessing genetic heritability of personality
Genetic heritability estimates and personality
Considerations within behavioural genetics and personality
Conceptions of genetic heritability and the environment
Different types of genetic variance
Shared and non-shared environments
Problems with the representativeness of twin and adoption studies
Assortative mating
Changing world of genetics
A framework for considering heritability in personality
Psychophysiology, neuropsychology and personality
Eysenck\'s biological model of personality and arousal
Gray\'s BAS/BIS theory
Cloninger\'s biological model of personality
Empirical evidence for biological theories of personality
The central nervous system and biological personality dimensions
The autonomic nervous system and biological personality dimensions
Biological personality dimensions and other biological and physiological systems
Consideration of biological theories of personality
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 9 Biological Basis of Personality II: Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Studies of Personality
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Evolutionary theory
Evolutionary psychology and adaptation
Evolutionary personality and personality and individual differences psychology
An introduction to evolutionary personality psychology: Buss\' theory of personality and adaptation
How individual differences arise through cooperation: the example of leadership
Life history and personality
Consideration of the evolutionary theory of personality
Animals and their personality
Animals and personality: a historical context
Within-species versus cross-species comparisons
Methods in animal personality research
Reliability and validity of animal personality research
\'Said the spider to the fly\': spiders and personality
Animal personality: the emergence of the five-factor model of personality
Animal personality: informing evolutionary theories of personality?
Consideration of animal personality research
Adaptive personality and behavioural ecology
Definitions of personality: broad and narrow
Behavioural consistency: short-term and long-term variation
The conceptual nature and function of adaptive personality traits: plasticity versus highly constrained
Models of adaptive personality
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
PART 2 Intelligence
CHAPTER 10 An Introduction to Intelligence
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Why does intelligence matter?
Implicit theories of intelligence
Research into implicit theories of intelligence
Laypersons\' implicit theories of intelligence
Laypersons\' implicit theories across cultures
Implicit theories of intelligence across the lifespan
Implicit theories about intelligence: Entity versus Incremental theories of intelligence
Entity versus Incremental theories of intelligence
\'Mindsets\': Entity versus Incremental/Growth
A task force in intelligence
The focus of this part of the text
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 11 Theories and Measurement of Intelligence
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
The birth of the psychology of intelligence: Galton and Binet
Galton
Binet
The search for measurement continues: the birth of \'IQ\' and standardised testing
Terman
Yerkes
General intelligence (g): the theory and the measurement
\'g\'
Measuring \'g\': the Wechsler and Raven\'s Matrices
Multifactor theorists: Thurstone, Cattell and Guilford
Thurstone: \'g\' results from seven primary mental abilities
Cattell: fluid and crystallised intelligence
Guilford: many different intelligences and many different combinations
Intelligence and factor analysis - a third way: the hierarchical approach
Vernon
Carroll: from the Three-Stratum Model of Human Cognitive Abilities to CHC
Cattell, Horn and Carroll (CHC): theory, research and practice together
Other theories of intelligence: Gardner and Sternberg
Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences
Robert Sternberg
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 12 How Intelligence Tests are Used: What Questions Emerge from the Measurement of Intelligence?
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Types of intelligence tests
The distinction between the psychometric and the cognitive psychology approaches to intelligence testing
Simple biological and physiological measures of intelligence
Alexander Romanovich Luria
Das and Naglier\'s cognitive assessment system and the Kaufmans\' ability tests
Features, uses and problems surrounding intelligence tests
Typical features of intelligence tests
The usefulness of intelligence tests: education
The usefulness of intelligence tests: health
Problems and issues with intelligence tests
The intelligent use of intelligence tests
Some concluding comments
The Flynn effect
How was the Flynn effect discovered?
Explanations of the Flynn effect
The nutrition hypothesis versus the cognitive stimulation hypothesis
An end to the Flynn effect?
The Flynn effect across a century - life history speed and economic prosperity
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 13 Heritability and Socially Defined Group Differences in Intelligence
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Section A - The heritability of intelligence
Intelligence: the nature versus nurture debate
Galton
Heritability of intelligence
What do we mean by heritability of intelligence?
Methods for assessing genetic heritability of intelligence
Heritability estimates of intelligence
Considerations within behavioural genetics and intelligence
Estimates of the genetic heritability of intelligence
Environmental influences on intelligence
Biological variables and maternal effects
Family environment
Education and intelligence
Culture and intelligence
Final comments on genetic heritability and environmental influences on intelligence
Section B - The bell curve: group differences in intelligence based on race
The bell curve
The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life
The cognitive elite: looking at the higher end of the bell curve
IQ scores and social and economic problems: looking at the lower end of the bell curve
The relationship between race and IQ: implications for social policy
Criticisms of The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life
Analysis of the assumptions used by Herrnstein and Murray
Statistical and evidence-based problems in The Bell Curve arguments
A darker side of psychology related to Herrnstein and Murray\'s analysis
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 14 Intelligence and the Self: Emotional Intelligence, Creativity and Sex Difference in Intelligence
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Emotional intelligence
Salovey and Mayer\'s four-branch model of emotional intelligence
Goleman\'s model of emotional intelligence
Bar-On\'s model of emotional intelligence
Trait emotional intelligence
Comparing ability and mixed models of emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence in the context of a personality system framework
Considering different models of emotional intelligence alongside each other
The application of emotional intelligence in psychology
Critical consideration of emotional intelligence theory and research
Creativity
Person
Process
Press
Product
Sternberg\'s creative leadership theory: what constitutes creativity?
Creativity and the brain
Creativity and \'psychopathology\'
Sex differences in intelligence
Sex differences on measures of general intelligence
Sex differences in specific intelligences
Looking for explanations of sex differences in measures of intelligence
Biological explanations for sex differences in intelligence
Biological variables for sex differences in measures of general intelligence
Summary of biological factors in sex differences in intelligence
Environmental explanations for sex differences in intelligence
Stereotypes and sex differences in intelligence outside of education
Stereotypes and sex differences in intelligence within education
Interactions between technology and socioeconomic status and their influence on intelligence in the classroom
A final consideration of sex differences in measures of intelligence
Stereotype emphasis
Placing the extent of sex differences in intelligence within its proper context
Interim summary for sex differences in intelligence
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 15 Personality and Intelligence in Education and Work
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Personality and intelligence predictors of achievement in education and the workplace
Established measures of personality and intelligence: predictors of achievement in education and work
The difficulties with using established measures of personality and intelligence in education and work
Learning styles and experiential learning theory
Learning processes
Learning styles
Application and measurement of learning processes and styles
Critical consideration of Kolb\'s theory
Emotional intelligence in education and the workplace
Goleman\'s theory of emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence and leadership
Emotional intelligence and self-learning
Emotional intelligence and achievement in the workplace
Consideration of emotional intelligence in education and the workplace
Successful intelligence and leadership: wisdom and giftedness
Wisdom
Giftedness
Giftedness, termites and IQ scores
Modern conceptions of giftedness: not just high IQ?
Psychological models of giftedness
Summary of giftedness
Working with those who have learning disabilities
Working with those who have learning disabilities: the darker historical line
Working with those who have learning disabilities: the positive historical line
Feuerstein and Structural Cognitive Modifiability
Theory and programme of structural Cognitive Modifiability
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
PART 3 Applications in Individual Differences
CHAPTER 16 Optimism
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Learned optimism - explanatory style
Learned helplessness versus learned optimism
The ABC format
Distraction and disputation
Dispositional optimism
The Life Orientation Test: a measure of dispositional optimism
Optimism and well-being
Coping and appraisals
Benefits of optimism and well-being
Optimism: a cloud in the silver lining?
Situational optimism
Hope
Benefits of hope
Measurement of hope
A consideration of false hope
Optimism versus \'positive thinking\'
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 17 Irrational Beliefs
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
The basic theory of rational-emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)
The ABCs of human disturbance
\'Must-urbatory\' thinking and disturbance
Irrational beliefs and mental health
Issues with irrational beliefs that need to be considered and addressed
The case for and against religion
The case for and against luck: the importance of belief in good luck
Superstitious beliefs
Irrational beliefs and sport
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 18 Social Anxiety, Shyness and Embarrassment
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Introducing social anxieties and social anxiety disorder
What exactly is social anxiety disorder?
General symptoms, prevalence and conceptions of social anxiety disorder
Definitions and diagnosis of social anxiety disorder
What causes social anxiety disorder?
Shyness
What is shyness?
The consequences of shyness
State versus trait shyness
State shyness
Trait shyness
Embarrassment
Four theories of embarrassment
Re-evaluation of the embarrassment models
Categorisation of embarrassing situations
Embarrassment, measurement and personality
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 19 Interpersonal relationships
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Interpersonal attraction
Theories of interpersonal attraction
Fatal attraction
Love styles
The triangular theory of love
Love styles (or the colours of love)
Individual and group differences in love styles
Romantic love and attachment styles
Online dating and personality styles
Relationship dissolution
The investment model
How individuals initiate the end of a relationship
How individuals react when the other person initiates the end of the relationship
Introducing forgiveness
What is forgiveness?
Models of the forgiveness process
The Enright model of forgiveness
The Worthington (pyramidal) model
Forgiveness and attachment
Forgiveness and personality
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 20 Social Attitudes and Culture
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Right-wing authoritarianism, conservatism and social dominance
Authoritarianism
Conservatism
Social dominance orientation
Theory of social dominance
The measurement of social dominance orientation
Right-wing attitudes and personality
Right-wing attitudes and Eysenck\'s theory of personality
Five-factor theory of personality and conservatism
Critical consideration of right-wing attitudes theory
Religion
Dimensions of religiosity
Religion and personality
Critical review
Social media use
Definitions of social media use
Social media use and personality
Culture theory and personality
Psychological anthropology
Configurationalist approach
Basic and modal personality structure approach
National character
Personality and national culture: the work of Hofstede
Integrative model of personality
Evolution and human behaviour
The dispositional signature
Characteristic adaptations
Life narratives and the challenge of modern identity
The differential role of culture
Critiques of the integrative model of personality
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 21 Well-Being and Personality Disorders
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
The structure and measurement of well-being
Circumplex Theory of Affect: the structure of mood
Subjective and psychological well-being
Psychological well-being as a resilience across the life-span
Personality, mood and well-being
Personality disorders
General criteria for personality disorders: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Personality disorders: Cluster A: paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders
Personality disorders: Cluster B: antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders
Personality disorders: Cluster C: avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
Genetic, biological and environmental influences on personality disorders
Five-factor correlates of personality disorders
Issues with the conceptualisation and categorisation of personality disorders
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 22 Individual Differences in Health and Illness
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Defining health
Personality, health and illness: how might they be linked?
Personality traits and health in the five-factor model (Big Five)
Researching the links between personality, health and illness
Type A and Type B personality
Measurement of Type A/B personality
Research on Type A/B personality
Further psychological research on Type A personality
Type D personality
Individual differences in the reaction to physical illness
Conceptualising stress
Depression
Anxiety defined
Concepts especially relevant to health psychology covered previously
Locus of control
Self-efficacy
Optimism
Intelligence
Expanding definitions of health and well-being
Personality and well-being: the positive psychology approach
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
CHAPTER 23 An Introduction to Psychometric Testing
Key themes
Learning outcomes
Introduction
Types and uses of psychometric tests
Developing a psychometric test
Developing items for a psychometric test
Writing items for a psychometric test
Clarity of questions
Leading questions
Embarrassing questions
Hypothetical questions
Questions with reverse wording
Response formats
Instructions
Collecting the data
Reliability
Internal reliability (internal consistency)
Using internal reliability to select items
Computing the scale (producing an overall score)
Test-retest reliability (reliability over time)
Validity
Advanced techniques in psychometric evaluation: factor analysis
Factor analysis
Exploratory factor analysis
Confirmatory factor analysis
The International Personality Item Pool and the Higher Education Academy in Psychology practicals web page
Final comments
Summary
Connecting up
Critical thinking
Going further
Film and literature
Glossary
References and further reading
Index
Publisher\'s acknowledgements
Back Cover