دانلود کتاب Philosophy: Discipline of The Disciplines

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PDD Cover\n Page 1\nPDD Front Matter\nPDD H-1\nPDD H-2\nPDD H-3\nPDD H-4\nPDD H-5\nPDD H-6\nPDD H-7\nPDD H-8\nPDD H-9\nPDD H-Sources\nPDD H-X Subjects\nPDD H-X Y-Names\n Contents\n Chapter One\n Preliminary examples\n The philosophical frame of mind 1\n Human rationality – a divine spark? 8\n The conceptual roots of rationality 11\n Reality embraces more than (natural and social) entities 16\n Functions, aspects or modes of reality – the contribution of Dooyeweerd 21\n Concept formation in scholarly reflection 25\n Summary 29\n Chapter Two\n The uniqueness of science\n The problem of ‘demarcation’ in the philosophy of science 31\n The infallibility of mathematical thought – Descartes and theclassical science ideal 32\n The road back to autonomous freedom 34\n Remark about determinism 35\n The basic thrust of Kant\'s Critique of Pure Reason 36\n The mixed legacy of the 19th century – positivism and its collapse 37\n ‘Truth’ and ‘meaning’ in logical positivism 38\n Probing the restrictions of sensory perception 39\n Science embedded in a supra-rational commitment 40\n The normativity of human life 41\n The distinctness of structure and direction 42\n Once again the problem of ‘demarcation’ 44\n The impasse of positivism 44\n What is unique about science? 45\n Thought activities involved in doing science – shared properties 46\n The distinctive feature of scientific thinking 48\n Are the disciplines ‘restricted’ to certain ‘parts’ of reality only? 52\n Modal abstraction entails that every special science hasphilosophical presuppositions 53\n Philosophy and the special sciences 57\n The problem of unity and diversity within various disciplines 60\n Mathematics 61\n Physics 62\n Biology 62\n Psychology 63\n Logic 63\n Linguistics 63\n Sociology 63\n Economic Theory 64\n Intellectual creativity and the acquisition of new ideas 65\n Concluding remarks 66\n Chapter Three\n The uniqueness of modal aspects\n The relation between aspects and entities 67\n Are modal aspects merely properties of entities? 67\n Modal aspects: universal, functional conditions forthe existence of concrete entities 68\n Modal aspects are not “modes of thought” 71\n The structure of a modal aspect 74\n Criteria for the identification of modal aspects 77\n Aspects and entities: modal laws and type laws 79\n The various modal aspects 82\n The quantitative aspect 82\n The spatial aspect 87\n The kinematic aspect 88\n The physical aspect 89\n The biotical aspect 90\n The sensitive-psychical aspect 92\n The logical aspect 92\n The cultural-historical aspect 93\n The sign aspect 95\n The social aspect 96\n The economic aspect 97\n The aesthetic aspect 98\n The jural aspect 99\n The ethical aspect 100\n The certitudinal aspect 101\n Diversity and the quest for an ‘origin’ 102\n Chapter Four\n Being human\n The outward search turned inward 104\n Philosophical assumptions operative in theories of evolution 106\n The mystery of the genesis of the first living entities 107\n Neo-Darwinism as a theory of change:are there any constants in the bio-world? 110\n The scope and limitations of genetics and “molecular biology” 112\n Will the fossils ever be able to ‘tell’? 115\n The uniqueness of the human being 119\n The eccentricity of the human being 120\n Animal ‘speech’ 121\n The absence of logical concept formation and argumentationin animals 123\n Sensitive and rational intelligence 125\n The formative imagination in human tool-making 127\n Flexibility and specialization – the difference betweenhuman beings and animals 129\n Is Dollo\'s law of irreversible specialization universal? 129\n The ontogenetic uniqueness of humans 131\n The mystery of being human 132\n The structural principle of the human being 136\n Why a comprehensive philosophical view is valuable 138\n The problem of the mind-brain identity 140\n The danger of technicism 141\n Chapter Five\n Inter-modal coherence\n The nature of modal aspects 143\n Metaphoricity 143\n Concept and word 148\n The “embodied mind”: Conceptual metaphor 152\n Meaning requires uniqueness and comes to expressionin coherence 157\n The unbreakable coherence between the variousontic modes within reality 157\n Dooyeweerd\'s confusion of retrocipations and antecipations 158\n C.T. McIntire: Turning the theory of inter-modalconnections upside down 160\n Inaccurate account of the core meaning of and socialretrocipation within the moral aspect: Stafleu 161\n Sphere-sovereignty and sphere-universality 161\n The order of succession between the aspects 162\n Primitive terms 170\n Multiplicity and meaning as primitive terms 170\n The distinction between antinomy and contradiction:a provisional account 172\n Primitive meaning: between pan-vitalism and pan-mechanism 172\n An example: the meaning of the jural 173\n Implications for rationality 174\n Rationality: the legacy of an over-estimation of conceptual knowledge 174\n Concept-transcending knowledge 176\n What lies between the restrictive and expansive boundariesof rationality? 182\n Trust (faith) in rationality 187\n Theology and the limits of conceptual knowledge 188\n The temptation of theo-ontology 189\n God\'s infinity 190\n Aquinas and Barth 192\n Turning negative theology upside down 196\n The philosophical dependence of theology 197\n Inertia and God 198\n Transcendence approached from ‘within’ 199\n Vollenhoven\'s “negative theology” in his Isagoogè 204\n Transcending a metaphysics of Being: Jean-Luc Marion 205\n Cosmic time 206\n Modes of time 208\n The correlation of law side and factual side within thenatural aspects of reality 211\n Do 2+2 really equal 4? 211\n Is a line the “shortest distance between two points?” 215\n What is presupposed in space? 218\n Which region is more basic – number or space? 218\n The interconnections between number and space 220\n The primitive meaning of space underlying Hilbert\'sprimitive terms 222\n Law and factuality within the physical aspect 226\n The law-subject distinction in biology 226\n Disclosure as an opening-up of modal antecipations 227\n The ethical antecipation sphere within the jural aspect 228\n The disclosure of the sign mode and the aesthetic aspect 229\n Sphere-universality and conceptual links between disciplines 230\n The elementary basic concepts of the academic disciplines 231\n The unavoidable interconnectedness of scientific terminology 232\n Mathematics and the nature of infinity 235\n Space presupposes the successive infinite 235\n Infinite divisibility as an analogical basic concept 235\n The modal seat of the whole-parts relation 236\n The inter-modal meaning of an ‘infinite totality’ 237\n The ‘at once infinite’ as antecipatory hypothesis 239\n The increasing complexity involved in the analysis ofelementary basic concepts 242\n The system concept in economics and sociology 243\n Economic theory and the notion of equilibrium 244\n The meaning of the cultural-historical aspect 248\n Seerveld\'s view of the meaning-nucleus of the aesthetic aspect 250\n Chapter Six\n The inter-disciplinary significance of modal analysis\n The logical function of theoretical thinking 254\n The double-sided edge of analysis 254\n The limits of conceptual affirmation in Plato\'s thought 254\n Principles for logical reasoning 256\n Terminological considerations 257\n The normative sense of the contrary: logical-illogical 258\n The difference between confusing spatial figures andmaking space an all-encompassing denominator 259\n ‘Primitives’ and the problem of ‘reduction’ 260\n Zeno\'s paradoxes: a different understanding of antinomies 262\n The inter-modal meaning of an ‘antinomy’ 264\n Apparent contradictions/antinomies resulting from a lackof understanding of inter-modal coherences 266\n Are Kant\'s ‘antinomies’ real antinomies? 269\n The irony of reductionism 270\n The “cul de sac” of historicism 271\n The antinomy involved in collapsing law and morality 274\n The logical function is constitutive for (theoretical) thinking– but not for the ontic meaning of the pre-logical aspects 275\n Once again: cardinality versus ordinality 276\n The set theoretical attempt to define an ordered pair 278\n The antinomous attempt to expel causality fromthe domain of normativity 279\n Causality and history in the thought of Gadamer 283\n The historical background of Gadamer\'s combination of‘cause’ and ‘teleology’ – the dialectical tradition ofnecessity and freedom 283\n Antinomies and the self-insufficiency of logic 285\n The foundational role of the principium exclusae antinomiae 286\n Critical thinking versus critical solidarity 286\n A self-defeating argument against the possibility ofChristian scholarship 287\n Modal norms (principles) 288\n The distinction between principle and application 289\n Between natural law and legal positivism 290\n Are principles valid for all time? 293\n Central appeal and contemporary expressions 295\n The humanistic idea of autonomy 298\n Epistemic values and the “laws of thought” 298\n Kuhn and McMullin 299\n The logical principles of identity and non-contradiction 300\n The principle of the excluded middle 303\n Kinematic and physical analogies within the logical aspect 306\n Addition within different modal contexts 308\n The inter-modal meaning of epistemic values 310\n Occam\'s razor 311\n Kant and the distinction between constitutiveconcepts and regulative ideas 312\n Credit as economic trust: Derrida 313\n ‘Reason’ and ‘faith’ 314\n Constitutive and regulative historical principles 315\n ‘Conservation of energy’ – the kinematic analogy onthe law side of the physical aspect 318\n The inter-modal foundation of linguistic communication 320\n Causality versus totality and meaning: Jaspers and Habermas 321\n Historical starting points for an understanding of communication 321\n The multi-vocality of the term communication 323\n The subtle dualism in Habermas\'s understandingof communicative action 323\n Communicative actions in their inter-modal coherence 325\n Is linguistic communication a transmission and/orsharing of meaning? 326\n Language acquisition – an a priori humanfaculty: Chomsky 327\n The semantic domain of words: synonyms and antonyms 328\n Between the “mutability and immutability” of the lingual signas medium of communication: De Saussure 331\n Implicit ontic conditions for language 332\n Habermas and the norms for communicative actions 337\n The modal universality of the sign mode 340\n Multiple modal norms 341\n The principle of jural economy 342\n Modal aesthetic principles 343\n Disclosure in the sense of opening up object functions 344\n Subject-object relations in plant and animal life 346\n Mutually exclusive special scientific terms? 347\n The interdisciplinary conceptual foundations of theterm ‘Umwelt’ 348\n The theory of von Uexküll 349\n The original spatial foundation of a theory ofan ambient (‘Umwelt’) 352\n The irreducibility of the spatial whole-parts relation 353\n The one-sidedness of opposing ‘element’and‘totality’ (Ganzheit) 354\n Objectification in living and sentient creatures 357\n Knowledge and the logical subject-object relation 359\n The Kantian background of Dooyeweerd\'s idea ofa Gegenstand-relation 361\n The archeological discourse theory of Visagie 368\n The more complicated challenge to characterize nominalism 370\n The historical importance of universality 370\n The rise of modern nominalism 370\n Universality and its connection with order and orderliness 371\n Descartes and Hobbes 371\n Once again the Corpernican Revolution in epistemology 372\n The vacuum created by nominalism 374\n What caused the shift to language? 375\n From historicism to language as new horizon 376\n The hybrid nature of nominalism 377\n The economic subject-object relation 379\n Economic price theory 379\n The jural and ethical subject-object relations 380\n Moral normativity 382\n The universal scope of the moral aspect 383\n Ethical subject-subject and subject-object relations 385\n The distinction between law and morality 386\n Can animals (and plants) be bearers of subjective rights? 388\n Some misunderstandings regarding the nature of modal aspects 391\n Do the aspects ‘subdivide’ reality? 391\n Once again: are aspects properties of entities? 393\n The cross-fertilization of the dimensions offunctions and entities 395\n Is it confusing to equate modalities, aspects and functions? 397\n Frege\'s implicit understanding of the differencebetween modal and typical 398\n The meaning of the term ‘function’ 398\n Aspects caught up in the confusion of law and subject and universality and individuality 399\n Are aspects mental constructs? 400\n Chapter Seven\n Things\n Modes of explaining material things 402\n Points of departure in Greek culture 402\n Transition to the modern era – extension challenged 408\n Motion as the new principle of explanation 409\n Force and energy-operation: another mode of explanation 412\n The mystery of matter 416\n Kant\'s synthetic a priori and the distinction betweenmodal laws and type laws 420\n Material subjects mistakenly labeled as ‘objects’ 424\n The problem of identity 425\n Identity, entity and property 426\n Modes of explanation making identity understandable 427\n Mechanistic biology and the identity of living entities 427\n Societal identities 429\n Identity and concept-transcending knowledge 430\n The problem of what is individual 430\n The concept of a natural law 432\n Law and subject in relation to universality andwhat is individual 436\n Abstract and concrete: Stegmüller 437\n Cross-cutting systematic distinctions 439\n Historical connections 440\n Once again the complex nature of nominalism 441\n Shortcomings in Stegmüller\'s analysis of nominalism 442\n The impact of nominalism on Dooyeweerd\'s thought 446\n Dooyeweerd and Vollenhoven 447\n Ambiguities in Dooyewerd\'s idea of individuality structures 449\n The distinction between various dimensions of reality 454\n Complexities involved in characterizing the dimension of modal aspects 454\n The dimension of entities 457\n The apparent “ontological circle” involved inchacterizing entities 462\n Physical entities exceed the limits of physics 463\n Complementarity – limits to experimentation 468\n Wave and particle: the typical totality structure of an entity 468\n Living things 470\n The many-sided nature of living things 472\n The classification of living entities 476\n Does change dominate the bio-world? 479\n Constancy and change within paleontology 487\n Concluding remarks 496\n Chapter Eight\n Human society\n Individual and society 497\n A false opposition: individuals versus supra-individual totalities 501\n Classifying social interaction 504\n ‘Socializing’ the individual and ‘de-totalizing’ society 506\n Rawls\'s view of justice and the basic structure of society 508\n The background of Rawls\'s theory of justice 508\n Rawls\'s ‘justice’ and its ‘primary subject’ 512\n Rawls\'s idea of the basic structure of society 513\n Rawls\'s justice: universal or limited in scope? 516\n Society: towards an alternative to the whole-parts relation 519\n A critical appraisal of some contemporary theoreticalapproaches to human society 519\n A dynamic social field theory 519\n The dualism between action and system (order): Habermas 520\n The step from modal to typical concepts 524\n The AGIL scheme of Parsons 525\n Giddens: the theory of structuration 526\n Habermas and Rawls: acknowledgement of the“inner nature” of distinct societal spheres 532\n Contours of a differentiated society 534\n The distinction between kingdom and republic 538\n Can society be ‘democratic’? 539\n Problems inherent in the notion of a “democratic society” 541\n The typical nature of the state exceeds the scope of anydiscipline exploring only one modal perspective 548\n The multi-aspectual nature of the state 550\n The type law for being a state 552\n The unique position of the state within society 555\n The salus publica as regulative typical principle 556\n Political aims presuppose the internal structuralprinciple of the state 559\n Non-civil private law 559\n Civil law 560\n Criminal law and civil law 562\n Chaplin: “public justice” as critical political norm 564\n State and society: differentiated spheres of law 564\n Internal function and external relations 565\n A different idea of internal and external coherence 566\n Justice and the distinction between constitutiveand regulative structural elements 568\n Sphere-sovereignty: typical and a-typical tasks 573\n The shortcoming in Luhmann\'s system-theoreticalconception of the legal system 575\n The fundamental distinction between a power state(‘magstaat’) and a just state (‘regstaat’) 577\n Justice and legal validity (the force of law):Derrida, Dooyeweerd and Habermas 578\n The force of law: legal validity 580\n Law and justice 583\n Equity and transformation – a case study 589\n The position of the university within adifferentiated society 592\n University or multiversity 595\n External and internal intermodal connections 597\n University, state and law 597\n The importance of recreation and leisure in adifferentiated society 598\n Structural changes within modern industrial society 602\n Consequences for ‘labour’: the rise of trade unions 603\n The scope of leisure and the quality of life 605\n Exercise and sport 606\n Concluding remark 608\n Chapter Nine\n Philosophy is more than merely the“Discipline of the Disciplines”\n Philosophy as totality science 609\n Philosophical sub-disciplines versus an encyclopedic approach 613\n Ultimate commitments in the history of Western culture 615\n Greek culture: the urge towards the incorruptibleand immutable 615\n Transition to Stoic philosophy and the medieval synthesis 620\n Nominalism paving the way for modern Humanism 624\n Husserl wrestling with the dialectic of humanistic thought 625\n The early development of Husserl 626\n Husserl\'s Philosophy of Arithmetic 627\n Platonism in Husserl\'s thought 627\n The genesis of Husserl\'s transcendental idealism 628\n The intuitionistic core of Husserl\'s transcendental idealism 628\n Husserl and the mathematical intuitionism of Herman Weyl 629\n The basic motive at the root of Husserl\'sphenomenological intuitionism 630\n The presence of ultimate commitments within the special sciences 631\n Mathematics 631\n Physics 632\n Biology and bio-philosophical anthropology 632\n Psychology 635\n Sociology 636\n Political Theory 637\n Theology 638\n Concluding remarks 639\n Literature 643\n Index of Subjects 675\n Index of Names 693