دانلود کتاب Philosophy, Science, and History: A Guide and Reader

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1. Editor’s Introduction Part One Approaches to the History and Philosophy of Science Introduction to "Approaches to the History and Philosophy of Science" "Reason in Science," George Santayana. "The Function of General Laws in History," Carl Hempel. "The Three Tasks of Epistemology," Hans Reichenbach. "What are Scientific Revolutions?" Thomas Kuhn. "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes," Imre Lakatos. "The Relations between the History and the Philosophy of Science," Thomas Kuhn. "The History of Science," Thomas Kuhn. "Scientific Research under a Historical Microscope," Martin Rudwick. "The Polity of Science," Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer. Part Two Debates in History and Philosophy of Science A. Hypotheses in Scientific Discovery Introduction to "Hypotheses in Scientific Discovery" "Of Inductions Improperly So Called," John Stuart Mill. "Mr. Mill’s Logic," William Whewell. "Physical Theory and Experiment," Pierre Duhem. "Is there a Logic of Scientific Discovery?" Norwood Russell Hanson. B. Force in Natural Philosophy Introduction to "Force in Natural Philosophy" Principles of Philosophy (selections), Réne Descartes. "Critical Thoughts on the General Part of the Principles of Descartes," Gottfried Leibniz. On the Gravity and Equilibrium of Fluids (slightly abridged), Isaac Newton. "On the Divisibility and Subtlety of Matter," Émilie du Châtelet. "Of the Idea of Necessary Connexion," David Hume. "How is Pure Natural Science Possible?" Immanuel Kant. C. Natural History: Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism Introduction to "Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism" "Initial Discourse," George-Louis de Buffon. "Preliminary Observations to the Essay on the Theory of the Earth," Georges Cuvier. "Prejudices relating to the Theory of the Earth," John Playfair. "On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings," Charles Darwin. "Of the Doctrine of Catastrophes and the Doctrine of Uniformity," William Whewell.