دانلود کتاب Physical Anthropology

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Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
List of Boxes
Chapter 1 INVESTIGATING THE NATURE OF HUMANKIND
The World of Physical Anthropology
Studies of Physical Anthropology
Physical Anthropology in the World of Anthropology
Conclusion
The Nature of Science
Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses
Science and Religion
Summary
Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time
Questioning the Old Ideas
A Brief History of the Development of Modern Evolutionary Theory
What Is the Age of the Earth?
Box 1-1 William \"Strata\" Smith
Humans before Adam and Eve?
Darwin\'s Voyage of Discovery
Darwinian Natural Selection
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial
Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 2 THE STUDY OF HEREDITY
Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity
Problems in the Study of Heredity
The Work of Gregor Mendel
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws of Heredity
A Model of Genetic Events
What Is a Trait?
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
Summary
Box 2-2 Solving Simple Genetic Problems
Cytogenetics
The Chromosomes
Cell Division
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics
Summary
The Molecular Basis of Heredity
Molecules of Life
The Nucleic Acids
Box 2-3 Facts about DNA
Protein Synthesis
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 3 THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS
Medical Genetics
Blood-Type Systems
Human Inherited Abnormalities
Other Patterns of Inheritance
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Summary
Genetics and Human Affairs
Genetics and Medicine
The Control of Human Biological Evolution
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma
Summary
Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics
Revisiting the Concept of the Gene
The Human Genome
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded
Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 4 POPULATION GENETICS
A Model of Population Genetics
Populations
Genetic Equilibrium
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model
Summary
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Mutations
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind: Population Bottlenecking
Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George: Founder Principle
Gene Flow
Nonrandom Mating
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates
Differential Fertility
Epigenetics
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 5 NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
Box 5-1 The Importance of Words
Natural Selection
Environment, Habitat, and Niche
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection
Types of Natural Selection
Natural Selection in Humans
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia
Sexual Selection
Kin Selection
Summary
The Origin of Species
The Evolution of Subspecies
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism
The Evolution of Species
Specialized and Generalized Species
Rates of Speciation
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability
Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 6 PEOPLE\'S PLACE IN NATURE
Taxonomy
Linnaeus\'s Classification
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life
The Taxonomic Hierarchy
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy
Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales
Cladistics
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century
Similarities in Organisms
Summary
People and the Animal World
The Animal Kingdom
The Phylum Chordata
The Vertebrates
The Mammals
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 7 THE LIVING PRIMATES
The Primate Order
The Evolution of the Primates
Characteristics of the Primates
The Senses
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision
The Growth and Development of Primates
Summary
The Living Primates
The Lemuriformes
The Tarsiiformes
The New World Monkeys
The Old World Monkeys
The Apes
The Gibbons
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans
The Orangutan
The African Great Apes
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla
Humans
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 8 COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS
Comparative Anatomy of Locomotion and Manipulation
Locomotor Patterns among the Primates
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion
The Hominoid Skeleton
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand
Summary
Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain
Positioning of the Skull on the Spine
The Sense Organs
The Evolution of the Brain
Primate Dentition
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel
Box 8-2 The Dentition of the Aye-Aye
The Jaw
Summary
Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology
Comparative Cytogenetics
Comparative Studies of Proteins
Comparative Genomics
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 9 NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR
Primate Behavior
Kinds of Primate Social Organization
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur
Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago
Summary
Case Studies of Primate Behavior
Social Behavior of the Gibbon
Social Behavior of the Gelada
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 10 HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE
Social Behavior of Human Foragers
The Structure of the Human Band
Age and Diet
Box 10-1 Cooperation and Networking in Human Society
Summary
Are Humans Unique?
Culture
Protoculture among Nonhuman Primates
Human Universals
Communication
Language
Box 10-2 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene
Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 11 THE RECORD OF THE PAST
Box 11-1 Fossils of the Gods
Fossils and Their Interpretation
The Nature of Fossils
Biases in the Fossil Record
Differential Preservation
What Can Fossils Tell Us?
Taxonomy and the Fossil Record
Summary
Geological Time
Stratigraphy
Box 11-2 What Is a Billion?
Radiometric Dating Techniques
Box 11-3 The Piltdown Skull
Other Dating Techniques
The Geomagnetic Time Scale
The Geological Time Scale
Plate Tectonics
A Brief History of the Cenozoic
Box 11-4 Where Have All the Dinosaurs Gone?
Summary
Box 11-5 The Anthropocene
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 12 THE EARLY PRIMATE FOSSIL RECORD AND THE ORIGINS OF THE HOMININS
Evolution of the Early Primates
The Earliest Primates
The Early True Primates and the Origins of the Prosimians
Summary
Evolution of the Anthropoidea
The Earliest Anthropoids
The Anthropoids of the Fayum
The Evolution of the New World Monkeys
The Evolution of the Old World Monkeys
Summary
Evolution of the Hominoidea
Hominoids of the Early Miocene
Continents in Collision
The Miocene Hominid Radiation
The Origins of the Modern Hominids
Box 12-1 What Gigantopithecus Had for Dinner
Summary
The Origin of the Hominins
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus kadabba
Ardipithecus ramidus
Summary
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 13 THE EARLY HOMININS
Discoveries of the Early Hominins
The Early Hominins of South Africa
Box 13-1 Naming Fossils
The Fossils of Olduvai Gorge
The Fossils of the Lake Turkana Basin
The Fossils of the Afar
The Laetoli Footprints
The Fossils of Chad
Drawing a Family Tree
Summary
Early Hominins: Interpretations of the Evidence
Australopithecines as Erect Bipeds
Early Hominin Tool Use
Box 13-2 What Is a Tool?
Early Hominin Dentition
The Early Hominin Brain
The Early Hominin Skull
Ecology and the Early Hominins
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 14 EARLY SPECIES OF THE GENUS HOMO
The Early Homo Fossil Record
The Genus Homo
The Early Species of the Genus Homo
Homo ergaster and Homo erectus
Box 14-1 The Disappearance of the Zhoukoudian Fossils
Homo antecessor
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Box 14-2 How Do You Spell and Pronounce \"Neandert_l\"?
Box 14-3 La Chapelle-aux-Saints
Summary
The Culture of Early Homo
Interpreting the Archaeological Evidence
The Lower Paleolithic
Life in the Lower Paleolithic
The Brain and Speech in Prehistoric Populations
The Culture of the Neandertals
Summary
Box 14-4 Whom Are We Having for Dinner? The Roots of Cannibalism
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 15 THE EVOLUTION OF HOMO SAPIENS
The Evolution of Homo sapiens
The Origins of Homo sapiens: The DNA Evidence
The Origins of Homo sapiens: The Fossil Evidence
The Journey Out of Africa
Contemporary Non–Homo sapiens Populations
The Migrations of Homo sapiens to Australia and the New World
Box 15-1 The Red Deer Cave People
Summary
The Culture of Homo sapiens
The Origins of Homo sapiens: The Archaeological Evidence
Humans\' Relationship to the Environment
Upper Paleolithic Technology
Art of the Upper Paleolithic
Archaeology of the New World
Box 15-2 Upper Paleolithic Cave Art
Box 15-3 European Origins of Ancient New World Populations
Post-Pleistocene Homo sapiens
The Origins of Farming and the Neolithic
The Rise of Civilization
Box 15-4 \"Man\'s Best Friend\"
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 16 THE BIOLOGY OF MODERN HOMO SAPIENS
Human Adaptability: Adjustments
Behavioral Adjustments
Acclimatory Adjustments
Box 16-1 How High Can People Live without Bottled Oxygen?
Developmental Adjustments
Summary
Human Adaptation
The Nature of Skin Color
Adaptation and Body Build
Summary
The Nature of Human Growth and Development
Growth and Development of the Human Body
Puberty
Control of Growth and Development
The Secular Trend in Growth and Development
Forensic Anthropology
Box 16-2 Aging
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 17 THE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN VARIATION
The Distribution of Variability
Clinal Distributions
Variability in Frequency of Genetic Disease
Cultural Variation
Summary
Box 17-1 Skeletal Evidence of Cultural Practices
The Classification of Human Variation
Folk Taxonomies of Race
Attempts at Scientific Classifications of Human Variation
The Genetic Relationship between Human Populations
Race as Illusion
Race and Medicine
Human Variation and Intelligence
Human Variation and Cultural Capabilities
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Chapter 18 THE MODERN WORLD
Cultural Changes and Their Consequences
Urbanization and Industrialization
The Role of Disease in Human Evolution
Box 18-1 Human Technology as a Selective Agent
The Earth at Risk
What Can We Say about the Future?
Box 18-2 People Made to Order
Learning from Our Mistakes
Summary
Application of Anthropological Knowledge
Darwinian Medicine
Anthropology and You—A Personal Note to the Student
Summary
Key Terms
Study Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Readings
Suggested Websites
Appendix: An Introduction to Skeletal Anatomy and the Anatomy of the Brain
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Glossary of Primate Higher Taxa
Credits
Index
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