دانلود کتاب Physics: A Refresher Course

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A Refresher Course
PREFACE
CONTENTS
MECHANICS
Chapter 1 Kinematics
1. Mechanical Motion
2. Displacement Vector. Distance
3. Velocity
4. Acceleration
5. Uniform Rectilinear Motion
6. Uniformly Changing Rectilinear Motion
7. Free Fall of Bodies
8. Motion of a Body Thrown Vertically Upward
9. Uniform Circular Motion of a Particle
10. Motion of a Body Thrown at an Angle with the Horizontal
11, Rotation of a Perfectly Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis
Dynamics of Motion of a Point Particle
1. Newton’s First Law
2. Force
3. Mass and Momentum. Density
4. Newton’s Second Law
5. Newton’s Third Law
6. Law of Conservation of Momentum
7. Galilean Principle of Relativity
8. Forces of Gravity
9. Elastic Forces
10. Forces of Friction
11. Ways of Measuring Mass and Force
Elements of Dynamics of Rotation of a Perfectly Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis
1. Moment of Force and Moment of Inertia
2., Fundamental Law of Rotational Dynamics
Chapter 4 Statics
2. Conditions of Equilibrium of a Point Particle and Perfectly Rigid Body in an Inertial Reference Frame
SF, = 0,
3. Kinds of Equilibrium
Chapter 5 Work and Mechanical Energy
1. Work of a Force in the Motion of a Particle and the Translational Motion of a Perfectly Rigid Body
2*. Potential and Non-Potential Forces. Conservative and Non-Conservative Systems of Bodies
3. Mechanical Energy
4. Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
5. Power
Chapter 6 Elements of Fluid Mechanics
1. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
2. Fluid Statics
3. Motion of Fluids
4*. Motion of Solid Bodies in Fluids
MOLECULAR
PHYSICS
AND
FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of Molecular-Kinetic Theory
1. Basic Concepts and Definitions
2., Brownian Motion
3. Diffusion
4. Forces of Interaction Between Molecules
5. Potential Energy of Interaction of Two Molecules
6. Structure of Gases, Solids, and Liquids
Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gases
1. Ideal Gas
2. Velocities of Gas Molecules
3*. Mean Free Path of a Molecule
4. Fundamental Equation of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
Chapter 3 Ideal Gas Laws
1. Equation of State
2*. Thermodynamic Processes
3. Laws of Isoprocesses in Ideal Gases. Equation of State of an Ideal Gas
1. Total and Internal Energy of a Body (a System of Bodies)
2., Work
3. Heat
4. Heat Capacity
5. The First Law of Thermodynamics
6*. Reversible and Irreversible Processes
7*. Cyclic Processes (Cycles)
8*. Carnot Cycle
= (1 -0.8) x 100 = 20%
9*. The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
10*. Heat Engine
11*. Refrigerator
Mutual Transitions of Liquids and Gases
1. Evaporation of Liquids
2. Saturated Vapour
3. Boiling
4. Vapour Isotherm
5. Critical State of a Substance. Liquefaction of Gases
6. Humidity of Air
Chapter 6 Properties of Liquids*
1. Energy of Surface Layer and Surface Tension
2. Wetting. Capillary Phenomena *
A fe = A1-fe2 = -^-(4—j-) =
Solids and Their Transformation into Liquids*
1. Kinds of Crystalline Solids
2. Elastic Properties of Solids
4. Melting, Crystallization, and Sublimation of Solids
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
ELECTRODYNAMICS
Chapter 1 Electrostatics
1. Basic Concepts.
The Law of Conservation of Electric Charge
2. Coulomb’s Law
« —6.6xl0\"5 N
3. Electric Field. Field Intensity
E-i
4. Examples of Electrostatic Fields
5. Conductors in an Electrostatic Field
6. Dielectrics in an Electrostatic Field
7. Work of the Forces of an Electrostatic Field
8. Potential of an Electrostatic Field
9. Relationship Between Intensity and Potential Difference of an Electrostatic Field
10. Capacitance
11. Capacitors
12. Energy of an Electric Field
Chapter 2 Steady Electric Current
1. Basic Concepts and Definitions
2. Conditions Needed for a Steady Current to Appear and Be Maintained
3. Electromotive Force. Voltage
4. Ohm’s Law
5. Temperature Dependence of Resistance
6.( Branching of Currents.
Connections of Conductors
7. Work and Power of a Current.
The Joule-Lenz Law
Electric Current in Non-Metallic Media
1. Current in Electrolytes
2. Laws of Electrolysis.
Discreteness of Electric Charges
3. Current in Gases
4. Semi-Self-Maintained Gas Discharge
5. Self-Maintained Gas Discharge
6. Plasma
7. Current in a Vacuum.
Emission Phenomena
8. Two-Electrode Valve—Diode
9. Three-Electrode Valve—Triode
10. Electron Beams, Cathode-Ray Tube
11. Electrical Conduction of Pure Semiconductors
12. Impurity Electrical Conduction of Semiconductors
13. Electrical Properties of p- and rc-Type Semiconductor Junctions
Magnetic Field of a Steady Current*
1. Magnetic Field.
Induction Vector of a Magnetic Field. Magnetic Flux
2. Ampere’s Law
3. Magnetic Field of an Electric Current
4. Interaction of Parallel Currents
5. Action of a Magnetic Field on a Moving Charge. Lorentz Force
6. Specific Charge of Particles
Chapter 5 Electromagnetic Induction
1. Phenomenon and Law of Electromagnetic Induction
2., Induced E.M.F.’s in Moving Conductors
3. Induced Electric Field
4. Induced Currents in Solid Conductors
5. Self-Induction
6. Mutual Induction. Transformer
7. Energy of a Magnetic Field
Magnetic Properties of a Substance
1. Magnetic Moments of Electrons and Atoms. Electron Spin
2. Classification of Magnetic Substances
3. Diamagnetism
4. Paramagnetism
5. Ferromagnetism
PART
OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Chapter 1 Mechanical Oscillations
1. Basic Concepts and Definitions of Oscillatory Processes
2. Velocity and Acceleration of Harmonic Oscillation
|a| = 4x430142 x 0.059 « 0.57 m/s2
3, Harmonic Oscillations of a Spring Pendulum
6. Addition of Harmonic Identically Directed Oscillations
7. Damped Oscillations
8. Forced Oscillations
9. Auto-Oscillations
Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Oscillations
1. Free Electromagnetic Oscillations in an Oscillator Circuit
2. Forced Electromagnetic Oscillations. Alternating Current
3. Alternating-Current Circuit. Resistance
4. Inductive Reactance
5. Capacitive Reactance
6, Ohm’s Law for an Alternating-Current Circuit
7. Power of Alternating Current.
Effective Values of Current and Voltage
8. Resonance in an Alternating-Current Circuit
9. Valve Generator
Chapter 3 Elastic Waves. Sound
1. Preliminary Concepts
2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
3*. Wave Velocity
4. Wavelength
5*. Equation of a Plane Wave
6*. Energy and Intensity of a Wave. Equation of a Spherical Wave
7. Some Characteristics of Sound Waves
8. Ultrasounds
9*. Interference
10*n Standing Waves
Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Waves
1. Relationship Between Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields
2. Velocity and Some Basic Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
3. Energy and Intensity of Electromagnetic Waves
4*. Emission of Electromagnetic Waves
5. Concept of Radio Communication, Television, Radar, and Radio Astronomy
OPTICS
Chapter 1 Geometrical (Ray) Optics
1. The Rectilinear Propagation of Light
2. Laws of Reflection and Refraction of Light.
Total Reflection
3. Plane Mirror.
Plane-Parallel Plate. Prism
5. Lenses
6. Concept of Photometry
7 — ^tot
7., Optical Instruments
Chapter 2 Wave Optics (Light Waves)
1. The Speed of Light
2. Interference
3. Diffraction
4. Diffraction by a Slit.
Diffraction Grating
5. Polarization
6. Dispersion
Chapter 3 Radiation and Spectra
1. Thermal Radiation. Blackbody
2. Energy Distribution in the Spectrum of a Blackbody
V
3. Luminescence
4. Kinds of Spectra
5., Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation
6. X-Rays
Fundamentals of the Special Theory of Relativity
1. Laws of Electrodynamics and the Classical Principle of Relativity
2. Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
3. Concept of the Length of a Body
4. Simultaneity of Events. Synchronization of Timepieces
5. Relative Nature of Simultaneity of Events
6. Lorentz Transformations
Y i—y2/c2 *
7. Relativity of Lengths
8. Relativity of Time Intervals
9. The Relativistic Law of Velocity Addition
10. Relativistic Dynamics. Dependence#of Mass on Velocity
11. The Mass-Energy Relation
Chapter 5 Quantum Optics
1. Basic Concepts
2. The Photoelectric Effect
3. Laws of the Photoemissive Effect. Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation
4. Applications of the Photoelectric Effect
5. Light Pressure
6. Chemical Action of Light.
The Photographic Process
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Elements of Quantum Mechanics
1. De Broglie’s Ideas on the Wave Properties of Particles
2. Wave Properties of Electrons, Neutrons, Atoms, and Molecules
3. The Physical Meaning of de Broglie Waves
4. Linear Harmonic Oscillator.
Motion of an Electron in a Limited Region of Space
5. Uncertainty Relation
7. Zero-Point Energy of a Linear Harmonic Oscillator
8. The Degeneracy of Gases
Chapter 2 The Structure of Atoms
1. Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of an Atom
3. Line Spectrum of a Hydrogen Atom
4. Bohr’s Postulates
7*. Quantization of the Angular Momentum of an Electron and of Its Projection
8*. Electron Spin.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle
9. Mendeleev’s Periodic System of the Elements
10*. Lasers and Masers
Chapter 3 Structure and Spectra of Molecules
1, General Characteristics of Chemical Bonds
2. Ionic Molecules
3. Molecules with a Covalent Chemical Bond
4*. Molecular Spectra
Structure and Basic Properties of Atomic Nuclei
2. Binding Energy. Mass Deficiency
3. Nuclear Forces. Drop Nuclear Model
4. Natural Radioactivity
5. Displacement Law and Fundamental Law of Radioactive Decay
6. Experimental Methods of Studying Particles and Radioactive Radiation
a
7. Origin of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
8. Nuclear Reactions
9. Interaction of Neutrons with a Substance
10., Artificial Radioactivity
nNa24-*- i2Mg24 + -1e° + 0v2 +V
11. Fission of Heavy Nuclei
12. Nuclear Fission Chain Reactions.
A Nuclear Reactor
13. Applications of Nuclear Energy and Radioactive Isotopes
14*. Biological Action of Radioactive Radiations *
15*. Fusion Reactions
7N« + 1pi^8C*2+2He4
16. Accelerators
Chapter 5 Elementary Particles
1. General
2. Classification of Elementary Particles and Their Interactions
3*. Cosmic Rays
4*. Information on Selected Elementary Particles
5. Antiparticles
6*. Concept of the Structure of a Nucleon
SUPPLEMENTS
1. Units and Dimensions of Physical Quantities.
Systems of Units
2. Basic and Derived Units of the SI System
3. Units of Physical Quantities in Mechanics
4. Units of Physical Quantities in Molecular Physics and Thermodynamics
5. Units of Quantities in Electrodynamics
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6. Units of Selected Quantities in Wave Processes and Optics
7. Selected Units in Atomic and Nuclear Physics
8. Selected Physical Constants *
9. Ways of Measuring Physical Quantities
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10. Errors in Measuring Physical Quantities
11. Processing the Results of Direct Measurements
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12. Processing the Results of Indirect Measurements
13. Approximate Calculations Without Accurate Account Taken of Errors
Name Index
Subject Ifldex