دانلود کتاب Physics of the Magnetopause

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Title Page ......Page 5
Copyright ......Page 6
Contents ......Page 7
Preface ......Page 10
REFERENCES......Page 12
REFERENCES......Page 13
A Note on the Chapman-Ferraro Theory......Page 14
REFERENCES......Page 17
EARLY CONCEPTS OF THE BOUNDARY......Page 18
EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF THE BOUNDARY......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 23
BEGINNINGS......Page 25
THE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 27
2.1 Fusion Plasma Physics......Page 28
3. AERODYNAMICS BACKGROUND......Page 29
3.3 Boundary Layers......Page 30
3.5 Characteristics and Shock Waves......Page 31
4.1 General Configuration......Page 32
4.2 The Diffusion Region......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 34
THE CHAPMAN-FERRARO CONCEPT......Page 36
THE FERRARO-DUNGEY-ROSENBLUTH SHEATH......Page 37
THE MAGNETOPAUSE AS A TANGENTIAL DISCONTINUITY......Page 39
THE RECONNECTION MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 40
KINETIC EFFECTS......Page 42
EFFECTS OF MAGNETOSHEATH FLOW AND FIELD ORIENTATION......Page 45
TIME-DEPENDENT RECONNECTION......Page 47
SUMMARY......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
PRESSURE BALANCE......Page 51
THE MAGNETOPAUSE CURRENT......Page 53
MODELING THE OPEN MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 56
QUANTITATIVE REPRESENTATION OF THE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 58
THE NIGHTSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE AND ITS VARIATIONS......Page 62
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 65
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 66
2.1 Mercury......Page 67
2.3 Jupiter......Page 68
2.4 Saturn......Page 70
2.6 Neptune......Page 71
3. SURFACE WAVES AND MP THICKNESS......Page 72
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 76
2. THE DAYSIDE IONOPAUSE......Page 77
3. THE MAGNETOTAIL BOUNDARY......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 85
2. THE MACROSCALE......Page 86
3. MESOSCALE STRUCTURE......Page 90
4. MICROSCALES......Page 94
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 99
REFERENCES......Page 101
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 103
2.1 Effect of Relative Flow Velocity......Page 106
2.2 Effect of Asymmetrical Magnetic Fields......Page 107
4. PERCOLATED MAGNETIC FILAMENTS. MARGINAL THICKNESS OF ASYMMETRICAL MCLs......Page 108
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 111
INTRODUCTION......Page 113
OBSERVATIONS......Page 115
DAMPING OF THE SLOW MODE WAVES......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 118
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 119
3.1. Inference of the State of the Large-Scale Magnetopause from Magnetosheath Profiles......Page 120
3.2. Consequences of Magnetic Field Pile-Up Adjacent to the Low-Shear Magnetopause......Page 122
4. SUMMARY......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 127
2. LINEAR THEORY......Page 128
3. HYBRID SIMULATIONS......Page 129
4. BOUNDED ANISOTROPY MODEL......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 132
2. ENTRAINMENT OF IONS INTO THE BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 134
3. ESCAPE OF MAGNETOSPHERIC IONS......Page 136
4. TRANSPORT OF MAGNETOSHEATH IONS ACROSS THE BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 137
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 140
INTRODUCTION......Page 141
Inflow Region......Page 143
Outflow Region......Page 144
Transition from Single X-Line Reconnection to Time- Dependent Multiple X-Line Reconnection......Page 147
Patchy Multiple X-Line Reconnection PMXR......Page 150
Strong Flux-Tube-Aligned Flow and Enhancement of Core Magnetic Field......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 153
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 156
2. BASIC THEORY......Page 157
4. KINETIC ALFVEN DYNAMICS......Page 158
5. WHISTLER DYNAMICS......Page 159
6. ELECTRON INERTIA AND COLLISIONLESS RECONNECTION......Page 161
7. 3-D STRUCTURE OF THIN CURRENT LAYERS......Page 163
References......Page 165
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 167
2. MAGNETOPAUSE DURING RECONNECTION......Page 168
3. DeHOFFMANN-TELLER FRAME......Page 169
4. WALEN RELATION......Page 170
6. RECONNECTION RATE......Page 173
7. RECONNECTION STATISTICS......Page 175
8. SUMMARY......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 179
INTRODUCTION......Page 181
Ion reflection and transmission......Page 183
Time of Flight Effects......Page 185
DISCUSSION......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 188
2. BASIC EQUATIONS......Page 189
3. TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS......Page 190
4.1. Steady-State Reconnection......Page 191
4.2. Time-Dependent Reconnection......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 195
2. KINEMATIC APPROACH TO 3D-RECONNECTION......Page 197
4. APPLICATIONS......Page 198
5. DYNAMIC CONSTRAINTS: THIN CURRENT SHEETS......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 201
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 203
3. GLOBAL CONFIGURATIONS......Page 204
4. MAGNETIC FLUX ROPES......Page 207
5. OBSERVATIONS......Page 209
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 212
2. TWO-DIMENSIONAL RECONNECTION MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS......Page 213
3.2. Magnetic reconnection verified by measured evolutiono f q profile......Page 214
4. THREE-DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN COLLIDING SPHEROMAKS......Page 215
4.1. Experimental profiles......Page 216
4.2. Experimental results......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 219
MAGNETIC, PLASMA AND ENERGETIC PARTICLE SIGNATURES OF FTES......Page 221
PLASMA DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS IN FTES......Page 223
FTE OCCURRENCE AND STATISTICS......Page 224
INFERRED FTE MORPHOLOGY......Page 225
SUMMARY: A TAXONOMY OF FTES......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 230
2. MULTIPLE X LINE RECONNECTION......Page 231
3. VORTEX-INDUCED TEARING MODE INSTABILITY......Page 232
4. SINGLE X LINE BURSTY RECONNECTION......Page 233
5. THE ELBOW-SHAPED FLUX TUBE......Page 235
6. GLOBAL MODELS......Page 236
7. TEARING, PERCOLATION AND TURBULENT RECONNECTION......Page 237
9. FINAL REMARKS......Page 238
REFERENCES......Page 239
INTRODUCTION......Page 241
DeHOFFMANN-TELLER ANALYSIS......Page 242
FIELD AND FLOW PERTURBATIONS......Page 243
FIELD LINE RECONSTRUCTION......Page 246
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
PROPERTIES OF SURFACE WAVES......Page 250
PROPERTIES OF KELVIN HELMHOLTZ WAVES INAN IN COMPRESSIBLE FLUID......Page 251
OBSERVATIONS......Page 252
MECHANISM FOR WAVE STEEPENING......Page 257
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 260
2. WAVES CONVECTED FROM THE BOW SHOCK......Page 262
3. MODE IDENTIFICATION......Page 264
4. LOCAL INSTABILITIES......Page 265
6. INTRINSIC MAGNETOPAUSE FLUCTUATIONS......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 268
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 270
2. OBSERVATIONS OF MAGNETOPAUSE OSCILLATIONS......Page 271
3. KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ WAVES AND THE QUASI PERIODICSTRUCTURE OF THE LLBL......Page 272
4. KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ WAVES AT THE MAGNETOPAUSE FLANKS......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 275
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 277
2. MODEL OF THE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 278
4. DISCUSSION......Page 279
5. CONCLUSION......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 282
FORESHOCK AND SOLAR WIND PRESSURE PULSES......Page 284
PRESSURE PULSES IN THE MAGNETOSHEATH......Page 285
PRESSURE PULSES AND MAGNETOPAUS EMOTION......Page 289
STATISTICAL RESULTS......Page 291
CONCLUSIONS......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 293
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 294
2. NUMERICAL METHOD......Page 295
3. RESULTS......Page 297
4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 302
2. APPROACH......Page 303
3. ION ENTRY CALCULATIONS......Page 304
4. THE DISTRIBUTION OF IONS THROUGHOUT THE MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 307
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 311
2. STATUS OF MAGNETOPAUSE DIFFUSION THEORY AND SIMULATIONS......Page 312
3. PARADIGM FOR MAGNETOPAUSE STUDIES......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 318
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 321
2. SPATIAL TRANSPORT AND OHM'S LAW......Page 322
4.1. High Frequency Plasma Waves......Page 323
4.2. Low Frequency Waves......Page 324
5.1. Collision Frequencies......Page 325
5.3. Microscopic Electrostatic Diffusion Coefficients......Page 326
6. LOW FREQUENCY MAGNETIC DIFFUSION......Page 327
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
2. SCHMIDT'S THEORY REVISITED......Page 332
3. ADIABATIC AND NON-ADIABATIC BRAKING......Page 333
4. INFLUENCE OF THE IMF......Page 334
5. DISCUSSION......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 338
2.1. A lesson from planetary dynamo theory......Page 339
2.3. Theoretical basis of previous models......Page 340
3.2. Topological approach and magnetic relaxation......Page 341
4. DRIVEN RECONNECTION......Page 342
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 346
2. DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS......Page 347
3. PERCOLATION THRESHOLD......Page 349
4. PLASMA T R A N S P O R T ACROSS THE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 351
2.1. Precipitating Particles as Tracers......Page 352
2.2. Mapping with Models......Page 353
3.1. Precipitation Patterns......Page 354
4. A SYNTHESIS VIEW......Page 355
REFERENCES......Page 358
INTRODUCTION......Page 360
LLBL ON OPEN AND CLOSED FIELD LINES......Page 361
LLBL ON CLOSED FIELD LINES: FORMATION......Page 362
IONOSPHERIC DRAG AND MOMENTUM DRIVE......Page 364
LLBL ON CLOSED FIELD LINES: MODELS......Page 366
KEY OBSERVATIONAL ITE MS......Page 368
REFERENCES......Page 369
INTRODUCTION......Page 373
DYNAMIC PRESSURE PULSES......Page 374
VELOCITY SHEARS: THE KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY......Page 375
CURRENT GENERATION BY RECONNECTION......Page 376
SUMMARY......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 380
INTRODUCTION......Page 382
COUPLING OF THE MAGNETOPAUSE AND CUSP TO THE IONOSPHERE......Page 383
PATTERNS O F DAYSIDE ELECTRODYNAMICS......Page 384
Sources of the Stable Dayside Red Arc.......Page 387
Continuity of the Merging Process......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 390
2. LOW-ALTITUDE AND GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS AS THE PREFERRED SITE FOR QUANTITATIVE MAGNETO PAUSE/BOUNDARY LAYER RESEARCH......Page 393
2.3 Mantle By dependence......Page 394
2.4 Preferred site of merging......Page 395
3.1 Low-energy ion cutoffs: A prediction of the velocity filter hypothesis......Page 397
3.2 The staircase cusp: application of the velocity filter hypothesis......Page 399
REFERENCES......Page 401
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 403
2. EISCAT-DMSP OBSERVATIONS OF THE CUSP......Page 404
3. THE EFFECTS OF PULSED RECONNECTION......Page 405
4. CUSP ION STEPS......Page 406
4. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ORIGINS OF STEPS......Page 407
6. DISCUSSION......Page 409
REFERENCES......Page 410
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 413
2. TRAVELING CONVECTION VORTICES.......Page 415
3. WAVES IN THE PC 3-4 BAND......Page 417
5. PC 1 BURSTS......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 422
2. PAST STUDIES......Page 424
4. CHARACTERISTICS of PMAFs......Page 426
5. GENERATION MECHANISMS......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 430