دانلود کتاب Pittsburgh Speech and Pittsburghese

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Table of contents\nAcknowledgments\nA note on notation\nChapter 1. Geography, demography, and culture\n 1.1 Introduction\n 1.2 History and topography\n 1.3 Current demographics\n 1.4 Pittsburgh as a dialect area\n 1.5 Data and methods\nChapter 2. Phonetics and phonology\n 2.1 Introduction\n 2.2 Mergers and a split\n 2.2.1 The low back merger\n 2.2.2 Mergers before /l/\n 2.2.3 Split of TRAP and STAN\n 2.3 Phonetic shifts\n 2.3.1 The Pittsburgh Chain Shift\n 2.3.2 Fronting of GOOSE and GOAT\n 2.4 Monophthongization\n 2.4.1 Monophthongization of MOUTH\n 2.4.2 Monophthongization of PRICE\n 2.5 Consonantal features\n 2.5.1 L-vocalization and /l/-insertion\n 2.5.2 Epenthetic /r/ before /?/\n 2.6 Regional word forms\nChapter 3. Morphology and syntax\n 3.1 Introduction\n 3.2 Complementation of need, want, and like\n 3.3 Positive anymore\n 3.4 Punctual whenever\n 3.5 Merger of leave and let\n 3.6 Preposition-noun compounding\n 3.7 Yinz\nChapter 4. Lexis and discourse\n 4.1 Introduction\n 4.2 A glossary of Pittsburgh English\n 4.3 Word-formation processes\n 4.3.1 Borrowing\n 4.3.2 Derivation\n 4.3.3 Compounding\n 4.3.4 Semantic re-analysis\n 4.3.5 Phonological re-analysis\n 4.3.6 Reduplication\n 4.3.7 Contraction\n 4.3.8 Metathesis\n 4.3.9 Trade names\n 4.3.10 Euphemism\n 4.4 Discourse marking features\n 4.4.1 Pennsylvania Dutch question intonation\n 4.4.2 N’at\n 4.5 Discussion\nChapter 5. African American English in Pittsburgh\n 5.1 Introduction\n 5.2 African Americans in Pittsburgh\n 5.3 Features of supraregional AAVE\n 5.4 Regional phonological features\n 5.5 Other regional features\n 5.6 Pittsburghese: monophthongal MOUTH and yinz\n 5.7 Conclusions\nChapter 6. History and trajectory\n 6.1 Introduction\n 6.2 The Scotch-Irish\n 6.2.1 From Scotch-Irish English to American English\n 6.3 Other influences on Pittsburgh speech\n 6.4 Attitudes towards Pittsburgh speech\n 6.5 From Pittsburgh speech to Pittsburghese\n 6.5.1 What does hahs sound like?\n 6.5.2 Noticing local speech\n 6.5.3 Pittsburghese in the daily papers\n 6.5.4 The “New Yinzers”\n 6.6 The future?\nAppendix. Annotated bibliography\n 1 Web sources about American dialects\n 2 Print sources about American dialects\n 3 Web sources about speech in Pittsburgh and Southwestern Pennsylvania\n 4 Print sources on speech in Pittsburgh and Southwestern Pennsylvania\n 5 Print sources on Pittsburghese\nReferences\nIndex