دانلود کتاب Plant-Derived Bioactives: Production, Properties and Therapeutic Applications

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Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Molecular Approaches to Screen Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Medicinal Plants
3 Bioactive Compounds in Medicinal Plants
3.1 Secondary Metabolites
3.2 Bioactive Peptides
4 Screening of the Bioactive Compounds
4.1 Extraction
4.1.1 Conventional Extraction Techniques
Soxhlet’s Extractor
Maceration
Hydrodistillation
Sonification
4.1.2 Non-conventional Extraction Techniques
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
Pulsed-Electric Field Extraction (PEF)
Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE)
Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
5 Identification and Characterization
5.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography and Bio-autography Technique
5.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
5.3 Infrared Spectroscopy: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
5.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
5.5 Mass Spectrometry
6 Phytochemical Screening Assays
6.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
6.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra HPLC
6.3 Hyphenated Chromatographic Techniques
7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Essential Oils: An Update on Their Biosynthesis and Genetic Strategies to Overcome the Production Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Sources and Plant Defense Responsibility
3 Biosynthesis of Essential Oils
3.1 The MVA Pathway
3.2 The MEP Pathway
3.3 Formation of Prenyldiphosphates
3.4 The Shikimate Pathway
4 Synthesis of Essential Oils
4.1 From Cell and Callus Cultures
4.2 From Hairy Root Cultures
5 Essential Oil Isolation Methods
6 Healing Characteristics of Essential Oils
6.1 Action Against Viruses
6.2 Action Against Bacteria
6.3 Action Against Free Radicals
6.4 Action Against Malignancy
6.5 Action Against Fungi
7 Challenges
8 Metabolic Engineering Aspects
8.1 Engineering Biosynthesis in Microbial Terpenoids
8.2 Engineering Biosynthesis in Plant Terpenoids
8.3 Engineering Biosynthesis in Plant Phenylpropanoids
9 Case Study: Sandalwood Oil
9.1 Initial Detection of the Gene and Full-Sequence cDNA Cloning
9.2 Results of This Study
9.2.1 The Functional Documentation of SaCYP76Fs of Clade I and II, In Vitro
9.2.2 Discrete Sesquiterpene Mediated Clade I and II SaCYP76F Characterization
9.2.3 Synthesis of Bergamotol and Santalols in Altered Yeast Cells
9.3 Inferences from This Study
10 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Plants as Influenced by Different Factors
1 Introduction
2 Metabolomics Engineering
2.1 Approaches in Plant Metabolomics
2.1.1 Targeted Metabolomics
2.1.2 Un/Non-targeted Metabolomics
2.2 Plant Metabolomics: Experimental Design
2.3 Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) Pathways
2.4 Examples of Metabolomic Engineering to Produce Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs)
2.4.1 Flavonoids
2.4.2 Terpenoids: Artemisinin (A Sesquiterpene)
2.4.3 Alkaloids
2.4.4 Lignans (Phenolic Compounds)
2.4.5 Carotenoids
2.4.6 Cyanogenic Glucosides
2.5 Rewiring Photosynthesis Efficacy to Increase the Crop Yield
2.6 Challenges and Limitation in Plant Metabolomics Engineering
3 Elicitation Approach
3.1 Types of Elicitors
3.2 Mechanism of Elicitation in Three Steps
3.2.1 Signal Recognition
3.2.2 Signal Transduction, Cascades, and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
3.2.3 Differential Gene Expression and Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs)
4 Biosynthetic Pathways of Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs)
5 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
6 Bioreactors for PSMs Production
6.1 PSMs Production Through Plant Tissue Culture
6.2 Emerging Strategies for Scaling Up the Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) Production
6.3 Prospects
7 Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs) in Other Host Cells
8 Conclusions
References
Application of In Vitro Technologies for Production of Vasicine and Vasicinone: Key Bioactive Compounds of Adhatoda spp.
1 Introduction: Adhatoda at a Glance
2 Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Importance of Adhatoda
3 Vasicine and Vasicinone: Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Applications
4 In Vitro-Based Approaches for Production of Vasicine and Vasicinone
4.1 In Vitro Direct and Indirect Regeneration
4.2 Cell Suspension Culture
4.3 Elicitation
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from Vegetables
1 Introduction
2 Vegetables as a Source of Bioactive Compounds
3 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Vegetables
3.1 Methods of Extraction
3.1.1 Solvent Extraction
3.1.2 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
3.1.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
3.1.4 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
3.1.5 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Extraction
3.1.6 Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
3.1.7 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE)
3.2 Purification and Identification of Bioactives
3.2.1 Chromatographic Techniques
Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Column Chromatography
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Flash Chromatography
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Vacuum Liquid Chromatography
Gas Chromatography (GC)
3.2.2 Non-chromatographic Techniques
Phytochemical Screening
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
4 Evaluation of Health Benefits of Vegetable Bioactives
4.1 In Vitro Assays
4.1.1 Antioxidant Capacity Assays
4.1.2 Antimicrobial Assays
Antibacterial Test
Antifungal Test
Antiviral Test
4.1.3 Antimutagenic Assay
4.1.4 Anti-inflammatory
Inhibition of Albumin Denaturation
Anti-proteinase Action
Anti-lipoxygenase Activity
4.1.5 Anticancer and Antiproliferative Assay
4.1.6 Antidiabetic Assay
α-Amylase Inhibition
α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
In Vitro Glucose Uptake Assay
4.1.7 Anti-obesity Activity
Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition Assay
Cell Culture Method
4.1.8 Antihypertensive Effects
ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibition Assay
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity
4.1.9 Anthelminthic Assay
Egg Hatch Assay
Larval Motility Test
Adult Worm’s Motility Assay
4.1.10 Antiaging Assay
Anti-elastase Activity
Anti-collagenase Activity
4.1.11 Primary Screening Assay/Toxicological Evaluation
4.2 In Vivo Assays
5 Effect of Storage and Processing on Vegetable Bioactives
6 Anti-nutritional Components Associated with Vegetables
6.1 Oxalic Acid
6.2 Goitrogens
6.3 Cucurbitacin
6.4 Alkaloids
6.5 Cyanogenic Glycosides
6.6 Dioscorine
6.7 Allergy and Hypersensitivity
7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Tylophorine: Sources, Properties, Applications and Biotechnological Production
1 Introduction
2 Sources and Chemistry of Tylophorine
3 Bioactive Properties and Application of Tylophorine
4 Biotechnological Production of Tylophorine
4.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation and Tylophorine Production
4.2 Extraction from Dried Leaves, Callus and Suspension Cultures
4.3 Extraction Using Maceration Method
5 Conclusions
References
Gymnemic Acids: Sources, Properties, and Biotechnological Production
1 Introduction
2 Sources of Gymnemic Acids (GAs)
3 Chemistry and Biosynthesis of Gymnemic Acids (GAs)
4 Pharmaceutical Applications of Gymnemic Acids (GAs)
4.1 Gymnemic Acid in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
4.1.1 Gymnemic Acid Controls Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Suppress Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
4.1.2 G. sylvestre Extracts Elevate Pancreatic β-Cell Regeneration
4.1.3 Arylated Gymnemic Acid as α-Glucosidase Inhibitor
4.1.4 Gymnemic Acid Regulates Dexamethasone-Induced Hyperglycemic Condition
4.1.5 G. sylvestre Regulates Hyperglycemia
4.1.6 G. sylvestre Control Diabetic Condition
4.1.7 G. sylvestre in the Inhibition of Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter 1
4.1.8 G. sylvestre Extract Exhibits Antioxidant Properties
4.2 Gymnemic Acids (GAs) in the Management of Microbial Infections
4.3 Gymnemic Acids (GAs) in the Management of Hyperlipidemia
4.3.1 Gymnemic Acid as Antagonist of Liver X Receptor
4.3.2 G. sylvestre Extract Diet Reduces the Progression of Obesity
4.4 Gymnemic Acids (GAs) in Management of Metabolic Disorder
5 Biotechnological Production of Gymnemic Acids (GAs)
5.1 Improved Gymnemic Acid (GA) Production Using Biotic Elicitation
5.2 In Vitro Propagation and Induction of Callus of G. sylvestre to Produce Gymnemic Acids (GAs)
5.3 Effects of Medium, Explants, and Growth Regulators on the Production of Gymnemic Acids (GAs)
5.4 In Vitro Multiple Shoots and Gymnemic Acid (GA) Production from G. sylvestre
5.5 Improved Production of Gymnemic Acids (GAs) by Controlling Macroelements and Nitrogen
5.6 Influence of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Production of Gymnemic Acids (GAs) from Hairy Root Cultures of G. sylvestre
5.7 Gymnemic Acids (GAs) Isolated from G. sylvestre Using Endophytic Fungi
6 Conclusions
References
Endophytic Fungi for a Sustainable Production of Major Plant Bioactive Compounds
1 Introduction
2 Biotechnological Applications of Fungal Endophytes
2.1 Enhancement of Neoplastic Potential in Plants
2.1.1 Vinblastine and Vincristine
2.1.2 Podophyllotoxin and Epipodophyllotoxin
2.1.3 Paclitaxel and Docetaxel
2.1.4 Camptothecin and Topotecan
2.1.5 Curcumin and Silymarin
2.2 Bioactives with Antimicrobial Potential
2.2.1 Terpenoids and Essential Oils
2.2.2 Phenolics and Polyphenols
2.2.3 Alkaloids
3 Genetic Analysis of Endophytes and Host Plants
4 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
Bioactive Compounds from Brazilian Lichens and Their Biotechnological Applications
1 Lichens: General Characteristics
2 Major Lichen Compounds and Their Biosynthetic Pathways
2.1 Polyketide Synthases
2.2 Depside Biosynthesis
2.3 Depsidone Biosynthesis
2.4 Dibenzofuran Biosynthesis
2.5 Usnic Acid Biosynthesis
3 Lichen Products and Their Bioactivities: Experimental Evidences
4 Biotechnological Applications
4.1 Bioproduction
4.2 Resynthesis of the Thallus
4.3 Nanotechnology Applications
5 Conclusions
References
Cardiovascular Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols
1 Introduction
2 Dietary Polyphenol Classification
3 Epidemiological Studies
4 Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Protection
5 Protective Effects of Polyphenols Against CVD Hallmarks
5.1 High Blood Lipid Profile
5.1.1 Improvement of Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT) from Various Organ Tissues to the Liver
5.1.2 Enhancement of Hepatic Fatty Acid and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Fatty Acids
Cholesterols
5.1.3 Lipolysis Enhancement in Adipose Tissue
5.1.4 Faecal Excretion of Sterols
6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Antidiabetic Phytochemicals and Their Applications in Modern Medicine
1 Introduction
2 Diabetes and Classification
3 The Increasing Burden of Diabetes
4 Current Treatment Strategies for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes
5 Potential of Natural Products against Diabetes
6 Drug Targets and Research So Far
6.1 Pancreatic β-Cells Which Secretes Insulin
6.2 Enzymes Linked with Glucose Metabolism
6.3 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)-Based Treatment
6.4 Glucose Transporters
6.5 Inhibitors of Specific Enzymes
6.6 Receptor Agonists
7 Market Value of Antidiabetic Drugs
8 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Phytochemicals as Antiviral Agents: Recent Updates
1 Introduction
2 Plant-Based Antiviral Molecules
2.1 Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents
2.2 Alkaloids as Antiviral Agents
2.3 Terpenes and Terpenoids as Antiviral Agents
2.4 Lignan as Antiviral Agents
2.5 Coumarins as Antiviral Agents
3 Patents on Phytochemicals as Antivirals
4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Antimalarial Agents from Medicinal Plant and Fungal Sources
1 Introduction
2 Plants and Fungi Extracts as Sources of Antiplasmodial Compounds
2.1 Ethnopharmacology Surveys
2.2 Secondary Metabolites as Active Principles against Malaria
2.3 Recent Nanotechnologies Applied to the Treatment of Malaria
2.4 Plant-Based Treatments of Malaria-Related Secondary Complications
2.5 Plant-Based Vector Control Strategies
3 Conclusions
References
Bioactive Phytocompounds to Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance
1 Introduction
2 About Antibiotics
2.1 Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
2.2 Possible Reason for the Failure of Antibiotics Against Microorganisms
2.3 Antibiotic Alternatives: An Industry Perspective
3 Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Antibiotic Alternatives
3.1 Phytocompounds: An Outline
3.2 Categories of Phytocompounds
3.2.1 Phenols
3.2.2 Saponins
3.2.3 Tannins
3.2.4 Alkaloids
3.2.5 Terpenoids
3.2.6 Flavonoids
3.2.7 Glycosides
4 Scientifically Validated Bioactive Phytocompounds Against Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses
4.1 Glucosinolates
4.2 Sanguinarine
4.3 Tomatidine
4.4 Piperine
4.5 Gingerol
4.6 Berberine
4.7 Isothiocyanates
4.8 Allicin
4.9 Carotenoids
4.10 Lycopene
4.11 Flavanols
4.12 Withaferin A
4.13 Terpenoids
4.14 Diterpenoids
4.15 Cinnamaldehyde
4.16 Saponin
4.17 2-(3, 4-Dimethyl-2, 5-Dihydro-1H-Pyrrole-2-yl)-1-Methyl Ethyl Pentanoate
4.18 Azadirachtin
4.19 Vulgarinin
4.20 Chitinase
4.21 Defensins
4.22 Spiroketal-Enol
4.23 Samarangenin B
4.24 Oxyresveratrol
4.25 Pterocarnin A
4.26 Saikosaponin b2
4.27 Jatrophane Esters
4.28 Polymethoxylated Flavones
4.29 Dicaffeoylquinic Acids
4.30 Manassantin B
4.31 Baicalin
4.32 Chalcone
4.33 Dammarenolic Acid
4.34 Tetradecanoyl Phorbol Acetate
4.35 Honokiol
4.36 Ubanine A
4.37 Limonoids
4.38 Oleanane
4.39 Quercetin
4.40 Saikosaponins
4.41 Sennoside A
4.42 Silvestrol
4.43 SJP-L-5
4.44 Swerilactone
4.45 Xanthohumol
4.46 Tangeretin
4.47 Glycyrrhizic Acid
4.48 Quercetin 3-Rhamnoside
4.49 Limonoid 1-Cinnamoyl-3,11-Dihydroxymeliacarpin
4.50 Pterocarnin
4.51 Frodin
4.52 LPRP-Et-97543
5 Plant-Derived Antimicrobials Reported in Crude Forms
6 Scientifically Validated Bioactive Phytocompounds Against Protozoa and Helminths
7 Scientifically Validated Bioactive Essential Oils Against Pathogens
8 Conclusions
References
Enzyme Inhibitory Potentials from Brazilian Flora
1 Introduction
2 Inhibitory Effect of Plants from Eugenia and Myrcia Genera on α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase, and Lipase
3 Inhibitory Effect of Plants from Eugenia and Myrcia Genera on Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
4 Inhibitory Effect of Plants from Eugenia Genus on Tyrosinase Enzyme
5 Inhibitory Effect of Plants from Ocotea Genus on Acetylcholinesterase
6 Inhibitory Effect of Plants from Lauraceae Family on Tyrosinase Enzyme Assay
7 Inhibitory Effect of Plants from Piperaceae Family (Inhibitory Activity Against Several Enzymes)
8 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Essential Oil-Bearing Plant Species of the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities
1 Introduction
2 Atlantic Forest of Brazil: The Search for Bioactive Substances
3 Chemistry of Essential Oils
4 Biological Activities of Essential Oils
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Essential Oils as Effective Agents Against Neurological Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Essential Oils (EO) Effective Against Different Neurological Disorders
2.1 Alzheimer’s Disorder (AD)
2.2 Parkinson’s Disorder (PD)
2.3 Epileptic Disorder
2.4 Migraine Disorder
2.5 Anxiety-Related Disorders
2.6 Depression-Related Disorders
2.7 Other Disorders
3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Traditional Plant Compounds for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
1 Introduction
2 Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Types and Current Treatment
3 Current Standard Treatment for Neuropsychiatric Diseases
4 Indigenous Herbal Medicine for Neuropsychiatric Disorders
4.1 Ginkgo biloba
4.2 Panax ginseng
4.3 Bacopa monnieri
4.4 Centella asiatica
4.5 Hypericum perforatum
4.6 Piper methysticum
4.7 Valeriana officinalis
4.8 Crocus sativus
4.9 Rhodiola rosea
4.10 Withania somnifera
4.11 Eschscholzia californica
4.12 Melissa officinalis
5 Plant-Based Compounds for Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
5.1 Polyphenols
5.1.1 Phenolic Acids, Alcohols and Their Derivatives
5.1.2 Other Phenolic Compounds
5.2 Curcuminoids and Resveratrol
5.3 Flavonoids
5.4 Alkaloids
5.5 Terpenoids
5.5.1 Diterpenoids
5.5.2 Sesquiterpenes and Monoterpenes
6 Promising Plant-Based and Associated Related Chemical Compounds in Preclinical to Clinical Setting
6.1 Cannabidiol
6.1.1 Therapeutic and Pharmacological Outline of Cannabidiol
6.2 Pomaglumetad
6.3 Ketamine
6.4 Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Depression, Stress and Schizophrenia
6.5 Antioxidants as Therapeutic in Psychiatric Disorders
7 Conclusions
References
An Overview of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau as a Medicinal Plant with Diverse Pharmacological Values
1 Introduction
2 Botanical Description
2.1 Taxonomy
2.2 Morphological Features and Geographic Distribution
3 Ethnomedicinal Uses
4 Phytochemistry
5 Pharmacological Activities
5.1 Antiviral Activities
5.1.1 Anti-herpetic Virus Activity
5.1.2 Anti-papillomavirus Activity
5.1.3 Anti-dengue Virus Activity
5.1.4 Anti-yellow Head Virus Activity
5.1.5 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
5.2 Anticancer Activity
5.3 Antioxidant Activity
5.4 Antivenom Activity
5.5 Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Activities
5.6 Acetylcholinesterase Modulatory Activity
5.7 Neuroprotective Activity
5.8 Antidiabetic and Anti-hyperlipidaemic Activities
6 Toxicological Studies
7 Future Directions
8 Conclusion
References
A Review on Botanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Characteristics of Iranian Junipers (Juniperus spp.)
1 Introduction
2 Botany of Juniperus spp.
3 Distribution and Ecology
4 Genetic Diversity
5 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
6 Pharmacological Effects and Medicinal Properties
6.1 Anticancer Activity
6.2 Anti-fertility Activity
6.3 Anti-Parkinson Activity
6.4 Antioxidant Activity
6.5 Anti-diabetic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Activities
6.6 Antimicrobial Activity
6.7 Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Activities
6.8 Other Biological Activities
7 Other Uses in Iran and Economic Significance in the World
8 Conclusions
References
Benefits of Theobroma cacao and Its Phytocompounds as Cosmeceuticals
1 Introduction
2 About Cocoa Tree
2.1 Botanical Description
2.2 Cacao Parts and Their Bioactive Principles
2.2.1 Cocoa Pulp
2.2.2 Cocoa Bean
2.3 Primary Manufacturing and Processing of Cocoa
3 The Role of Cocoa in Dermal Health and Cosmeceuticals Applications
4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Appraisal of Barks from Unani Medicinal Plants
1 Introduction
2 Phytochemical and Pharmacological Appraisal of Plant Barks
2.1 Post Beekhe Aam (Mangifera indica L.)
2.2 Arjun Bark (Terminalia arjuna W. and A.)
2.3 Teewaj (Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth.) Wall. ex A.DC.)
2.4 Akhrot (Root Bark of Juglans regia L.)
2.5 Bakain (Stem Bark of Melia azedarach L.)
2.6 Bed Sada (Salix alba L.)
2.7 Bed Mushk (Stem Bark of Salix caprea L.)
2.8 Darhald (Berberis aristata DC.)
2.9 Darchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume.)
2.10 Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels)
2.11 Anjeer Dashti (Ficus hispida L.) Syn. Covellia hispida (L. aeus f.)
2.12 Bhojpatr (Betula utilis D. Don Syn. B. bhojpattra Wall.)
2.13 Kankana (Cinchona officinalis L.)
2.14 Kath (Acacia leucophloea Willd.)
2.15 Aak/Madar (Calotropis gigantea L.)
2.16 Chinar (Platanus orientalis)
2.17 Kaiphal (Myrica esculenta Buch.)
2.18 Khirni (Mimusops kauki L.)
2.19 Lodhpathani (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.)
2.20 Maida lakri (Litsea chinensis Lam.)
2.21 Post Kachnal (Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Syn. Bauhinia parviflora Vahl.)
2.22 Post Beekhe Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)
2.23 Palas (Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze)
2.24 Peepal (Ficus religiosa L.)
2.25 Pilu (Salvadora persica L. var. wightiana (Planch. Ex Thw.))
2.26 Qirfa (Cinnamomum cassia Blume.)
2.27 Sanobar (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.)
2.28 Saris (Cupressus sempervirens L.)
2.29 Sembhal (Bombax ceiba L.)
2.30 Karanj (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Syn. P. glabra)
3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Naturally Occurring Coloring and Flavoring Agents
1 Introduction
2 Colorants and Their History
3 Natural Colorants from Plant Sources
3.1 Anthocyanins
3.2 Strawberry
3.3 Grapes
3.4 Betacyanins
3.5 Carotenoids
3.6 Annatto
3.7 Saffron
3.8 Paprika
3.9 Carrot
3.10 Marigold
3.11 Turmeric
4 Natural Colorants from Fungal, Animal, and Mineral Sources
4.1 Red Chanterelle
4.2 Cochineal
4.3 Titanium Dioxide
5 Naturally Derived Flavoring Agents
5.1 Vanilla
5.2 Raspberries
5.3 Liquorice
6 Conclusions
References
Governing Issues in Nanoscale Systems and Their Potential for Improving the Therapeutic Application of Phytoconstituents
1 Introduction
2 Nanosystems Dynamically Interacting with the Host Environment
3 Major Issues in Nanoscale Delivery Systems
4 Stem Cell-Targeted Systems in Nanomedicine
5 Phytochemicals in Nano-Regenerative Systems
6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of Phytochemical Compounds Against Major Maladies: Cancer, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease
1 Introduction
2 Conventional Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease
2.1 Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.2 Conventional Drugs for Cardiovascular Diseases
3 Conventional Therapies for Cancers
3.1 Biology of Cancer
3.2 Conventional Drugs for Cancer
4 Conventional Therapies for Diabetes
4.1 Biology of Diabetes
4.2 Conventional Drugs for Diabetes
5 In Search of New Therapeutic Measures
5.1 Nanocarrier-Based Phytochemical Compound Delivery in Cardiovascular Diseases
5.2 Nanocarrier-Based Phytochemical Compound Delivery in Cancers
5.2.1 Liposomes
5.2.2 Dendrimers
5.2.3 Nanoparticles (NPs)
5.3 Nanocarrier-Based Phytochemical Compound Delivery in Diabetes
6 Conclusions
References