دانلود کتاب ¿Por qué?: 101 Questions about Spanish

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Title Page\nCopyright Page\nDedication Page\nContents\nDetailed table of contents\nList of tables\nList of illustrations\nList of boxes\nAcknowledgments\nCopyright acknowledgments\nPreface\nPart one Spanish in context\n Chapter 1 Spanish today\n Question 1. Who speaks Spanish?\n Question 2. Who’s in charge of the Spanish language?\n Question 3. Why is Spanish often called castellano?\n Question 4. What are the different dialects of Spanish? Part I: Spain\n Question 5. What are the different dialects of Spanish? Part II: Latin America\n Question 6. What is the status of the minority languages of Spain?\n Question 7. What is the status of the indigenous languages of Latin America?\n Question 8. How is Spanish still evolving?\n Question 9. Can all Spanish speakers understand each other?\n Question 10. How important is Spanish on the Internet?\n Chapter 2 From Latin to Spanish\n Question 11. How old is Spanish?\n Question 12. How did Latin become Spanish? Part I: Vocabulary\n Question 13. How did Latin become Spanish? Part II: Phonology\n Question 14. How did Latin become Spanish? Part III: The noun system\n Question 15. How did Latin become Spanish? Part IV: The verb system\n Question 16. How has Latin continued to influence Spanish?\n Chapter 3 Spanish and Romance\n Question 17. How have other Romance languages influenced Spanish?\n Question 18. Is it true that Portuguese speakers can understand Spanish but not the other way around?\n Question 19. How is Catalan different from Spanish?\n Question 20. What is Ladino?\n Question 21. What other languages are related to Romance?\n Chapter 4 Spanish and other languages\n Question 22. If Basque isn’t related to Spanish, what is it?\n Question 23. What other languages were spoken in pre-Roman Spain?\n Question 24. How did the pre-Roman languages influence Spanish?\n Question 25. How did the fall of the Roman Empire affect Spanish?\n Question 26. What impact did almost eight hundred years of Arabic occupation have on Spanish?\n Question 27. How have the native languages of Latin America affected Spanish?\n Question 28. How has English affected Spanish?\n Question 29. How is Spanish sign language related to Spanish?\n Chapter 5 Learning Spanish\n Question 30. How do children learn Spanish? Part I: Sounds and words\n Question 31. How do children learn Spanish? Part II: Grammar\n Question 32. What kinds of mistakes do native speakers make in their Spanish?\n Question 33. Does speaking Spanish change the way you think?\n Question 34. Is it too late for me to learn Spanish?\n Question 35. Is Spanish the easiest language for a speaker of English to learn?\nPart 2 Inside Spanish\n Chapter 6 Spanish vocabulary\n Question 36. How many words does Spanish have?\n Question 37. What are the most frequent words in Spanish?\n Question 38. Where does Spanish vocabulary come from?\n Question 39. Why does Spanish have so many charming derivational endings?\n Question 40. Why do most Spanish negatives begin with n?\n Question 41. Why does Spanish have two words that mean ‘to be’ (ser and estar) and two words that mean ‘to know’ (saber and conocer)?\n Question 42. Why does Spanish have two words that mean ‘that’ (ese and aquel)?\n Question 43. Why are Spanish prepositions unpredictable?\n Question 44. Why does Spanish have two words that mean ‘for’ (por and para)?\n Chapter 7 The written language\n Question 45. What happened to ch and ll?\n Question 46. Where does ñ come from?\n Question 47. Why does Spanish have both b and v?\n Question 48. Why is h silent?\n Question 49. Why doesn’t Spanish capitalize days of the week and months of the year?\n Question 50. Is Spanish spelling phonetic?\n Question 51. Why does Spanish have so many accent marks?\n Question 52. Why do some words keep an accent in the plural, some gain an accent, and some lose an accent?\n Question 53. Who invented the inverted exclamation and question marks?\n Question 54. Why doesn’t Spanish use apostrophes?\n Question 55. How do you write txt msgs in Spanish?\n Question 56. How do you write Spanish on a computer?\n Chapter 8 The sounds of Spanish\n Question 57. Why does Spanish only have five vowels?\n Question 58. Why does Spanish have those five vowels?\n Question 59. Why do Spanish speakers roll their r’s?\n Question 60. Can all Spanish speakers roll their r’s?\n Question 61. Why do Spaniards use the th sound? (And what about z?)\n Question 62. Where does the /x/ sound come from?\n Question 63. What are seseo, ceceo, and yeísmo?\n Question 64. Why is it hard for Spanish speakers to say Spain?\n Question 65. Why does Spanish stress the last syllable of teneDOR ‘fork’ but the next-to-last syllable of cuCHIllo ‘knife’?\n Question 66. Is there a version of Pig Latin for Spanish?\n Chapter 9 Names, nouns, and pronouns\n Question 67. Why are Spanish names so long?\n Question 68. Does Spanish have a ‘son of’ ending for last names?\n Question 69. Why are Pepe and Paco the nicknames for José and Francisco?\n Question 70. Why does Spanish have masculine and feminine nouns?\n Question 71. Are the same words masculine and feminine in all Romance languages?\n Question 72. Why do so many masculine nouns end in -a?\n Question 73. Why is vacaciones plural?\n Question 74. Why doesn’t Spanish (mostly) have a word for ‘it’?\n Question 75. Why does Spanish have so many words for ‘you’?\n Question 76. How do Spanish dialects differ in their words for ‘you’?\n Question 77. What are leísmo, loísmo, and laísmo?\n Question 78. How can su mean ‘his,’ ‘her,’ ‘their,’ and ‘your’?\n Chapter 10 Where the action is:\n Question 79. Why does Spanish have -ar, -er, and -ir verbs?\n Question 80. Why conjugate?\n Question 81. Why does Spanish have so many irregular verbs?\n Question 82. Why do only some verbs have the “boot” pattern?\n Question 83. Why do so many verbs have irregular yo forms in the present tense?\n Question 84. Why does Spanish have so many ways to talk about the past?\n Question 85. Why are there so many more irregulars in the preterite past tense than in the imperfect?\n Question 86. How can Spanish use the same word for was and went?\n Question 87. How can the subjunctive be used for actual events?\n Question 88. Why does Spanish have two past tense subjunctives?\n Question 89. Why does Spanish have a present and past subjunctive, but no future subjunctive? (a trick question)\n Question 90. Why is the subjunctive so irregular?\n Question 91. Why are the future and the conditional different from other tenses?\n Question 92. Why are Spanish commands so complicated?\n Question 93. Why does Spanish have so many “backwards” verbs like gustar?\n Question 94. How can hay mean both ‘there is’ and ‘there are’?\n Chapter 11 Building sentences:\n Question 95. Why is the basic word order of Spanish subject-verb-object?\n Question 96. How can an adjective’s position change its meaning?\n Question 97. Why does Spanish have the “personal a”?\n Question 98. Why are object pronouns sometimes placed before verbs, and sometimes after them?\n Question 99. Why does Spanish have the “la la” rule? (Or does it?)\n Question 100. Why does Spanish double mark indirect objects?\n Question 101. Why does Spanish have double negatives?\nNotes\nBibliography\nIndex