دانلود کتاب Power System Protection and Switchgear, 2/e

فهرست مطالب :

Title Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Need for Protective Systems 1.2 Nature and Causes of Faults 1.3 Types of Faults 1.4 Effects of Faults 1.5 Fault Statistics 1.6 Evolution of Protective Relays 1.7 Zones of Protection 1.8 Primary and Back-up Protection 1.9 Essential Qualities of Protection 1.10 Performance of Protective Relays 1.11 Classifi cation of Protective Relays 1.12 Components of a Protection System 1.13 Classifi cation of Protective Schemes 1.14 Automatic Reclosing 1.15 Current Transformers (CTs) for Protection 1.16 Voltage Transformers (VTs) 1.17 Basic Relay Terminology Exercises 2. Relay Construction and Operating Principles 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Electromechanical Relays 2.3 Static Relays 2.4 Numerical Relays 2.5 Comparison between Electromechanical Relays and Numerical Relays Exercises 3. Current and Voltage Transformers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Current transformers (CTs) 3.3 Voltage Transformers (VTs) 3.4 Summation transformer 3.5 Phase-sequence Current-segregating Network Exercises 4. Fault Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Per-Unit System 4.3 One-Line Diagram 4.4 Impedance and Reactance Diagrams 4.5 Symmetrical Fault Analysis 4.6 Symmetrical Components 4.7 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 4.8 Grounding (Earthing) Exercises 5. Overcurrent Protection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Time-current Characteristics 5.3 Current Setting 5.4 Time Setting 5.5 Overcurrent Protective Schemes 5.6 Reverse Power or Directional Relay 5.7 Protection of Parallel Feeders 5.8 Protection of Ring Mains 5.9 Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protection 5.10 Combined Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protective Scheme 5.11 Phase Fault Protective Scheme 5.12 Directional Earth Fault Relay 5.13 Static Overcurrent Relays 5.14 Numerical Overcurrent Relays Exercises 6. Distance Protection 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Impedance Relay 6.3 Reactance Relay 6.4 MHO (Admittance or Angle Admittance) Relay 6.5 Angle Impedance (OHM) Relay 6.6 Input Quantities for Various Types of Distance Relays 6.7 Sampling Comparator 6.8 Effect of arc Resistance on the Performance of Distance Relays 6.9 Reach of Distance Relays 6.10 Effect of Power Surges (Power Swings) on the Performance of Distance Relays 6.11 Effect of Line Length and Source Impedance on Distance Relays 6.12 Selection of Distance Relays 6.13 MHO Relay with Blinders 6.14 Quadrilateral Relay 6.15 Elliptical Relay 6.16 Restricted MHO Relay 6.17 Restricted Impedance Relay 6.18 Restricted Directional Relay 6.19 Restricted Reactance Relay 6.20 Some Other Distance Relay Characteristics 6.21 Swivelling Characteristics 6.22 Choice of Characteristics for Different Zones of Protection 6.23 Compensation for Correct Distance Measurement 6.24 Reduction of Measuring Units 6.25 Switched Schemes 6.26 Auto-reclosing Appendix Exercises 7. Pilot Relaying Schemes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Wire Pilot Protection 7.3 Carrier Current Protection Exercises 8. Differential Protection 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Differential Relays 8.3 Simple (Basic) Differential Protection 8.4 Percentage or Biased Differential Relay 8.5 Differential Protection of 3-Phase Circuits 8.6 Balanced (Opposed) Voltage Differential Protection Exercises 9. Rotating Machines Protection 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Protection of Generators Exercises 10. Transformer and Buszone Protection 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Transformer Protection 10.3 Buszone Protection 10.4 Frame Leakage Protection Exercises 11. Numerical Protection 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Numerical Relay 11.3 Data Acquisition System (DAS) 11.4 Numerical Relaying Algorithms 11.5 Mann–Morrison Technique 11.6 Differential Equation Technique 11.7 Discrete Fourier Transform Technique 11.8 Walsh–Hadamard Transform Technique 11.9 Rationalised Haar Transform Technique 11.10 Block Pulse Functions Technique 11.11 Wavelet Transform Technique 11.12 Removal of the dc Offset 11.13 Numerical Overcurrent Protection 11.14 Numerical Distance Protection 11.15 Numerical Differential Protection Exercises 12. Microprocessor-Based Numerical Protective Relays 12.1 Introduction 12.2 IC Elements and Circuits for Interfaces 12.3 A/D Converter, Analog Multiplexer, S/H Circuit 12.4 Overcurrent Relays 12.5 Impedance Relay 12.6 Directional Relay 12.7 Reactance Relay 12.8 Generalised Mathematical Expression for Distance Relays 12.9 Measurement of R and X 12.10 Mho and Offset Mho Relays 12.11 Quadrilateral Relay 12.12 Generalised Interface for Distance Relays 12.13 Microprocessor Implementation of Digital Distance Relaying Algorithms Exercises 13. Artificial Intelligence Based Numerical Protection 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Artifi cial Neural Network (ANN) 13.3 Fuzzy Logic 13.4 Application of Artifi cial Intelligence to Power System Protection 13.5 Application of ANN to Overcurrent Protection 13.6 Application of ANN to Transmission Line Protection 13.7 Neural Network Based Directional Relay 13.8 ANN Modular Approach for Fault Detection, Classifi cation and Location 13.9 Wavelet Fuzzy Combined Approach for Fault Classifi cation 13.10 Application of ANN to Power Transformer Protection 13.11 Power Transformer Protection Based on Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic 13.12 Power Transformer Protection Based Upon Combined Wavelet Transform and Neural Network 13.13 Application of ANN to Generator Protection Exercises 14. Circuit Breakers 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Fault Clearing Time of a Circuit Breaker 14.3 Arc Voltage 14.4 Arc Interruption 14.5 Restriking Voltage and Recovery Voltage 14.6 Resistance Switching 14.7 Current Chopping 14.8 Interruption of Capacitive Current 14.9 Classifi cation of Circuit Breakers 14.10 Air-Break Circuit Breakers 14.11 Oil Circuit Breakers 14.12 Air Blast Circuit Breakers 14.13 SF6 Circuit Breakers 14.14 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 14.15 Operating Mechanism 14.16 Selection of Circuit Breakers 14.17 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Circuit Breakers 14.18 Rating of Circuit Breakers 14.19 Testing of Circuit Breakers Exercises 15. Fuses 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Defi nitions 15.3 Fuse Characteristics 15.4 Types of Fuses 15.5 Applications of HRC Fuses 15.6 Selection of Fuses 15.7 Discrimination Exercises 16. Protection Against Overvoltages 16.1 Causes of Overvoltages 16.2 Lightning Phenomena 16.3 Wave Shape of Voltage Due to Lightning 16.4 Overvoltages Due to Lightning 16.5 Klydonograph and Magnetic Link 16.6 Protection of Transmission Lines against Direct Lightning Strokes 16.7 Protection of Stations and Sub-stations from Direct Strokes 16.8 Protection Against Travelling Waves 16.9 Peterson Coil 16.10 Insulation Coordination 16.11 Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIIL) Exercises 17. Modern Trends in Power System Protection 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Gas Insulated Substation/Switchgear (GIS) 17.3 Frequency Relays and Load-shedding 17.4 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) Based Relays 17.5 Adaptive Protection 17.6 Integrated Protection and Control 17.7 Relay Reliability 17.8 Advantages of Fast Fault Clearing Exercises Appendix A: 8086 Assembly Language Programming Appendix B: Orthogonal and Orthonormal Functions Appendix C: Gray-code to Binary Conversion Appendix D: Kronecker (or Direct) Product of Matrices Index