دانلود کتاب Practical Esm Analysis

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Practical ESM Analysis
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Introduction to Electronic Support Measures Systems
1.1 ESM Systems: Painting a Picture of the RF Environment
1.2 ESM as an ELINT System
1.3 ESM as a Radar Warning Receiver
1.4 ESM Operators and Platforms
1.5 Topics Unique to This Book
1.5.1 Radar Beamshape Calculation
1.5.2 RF Scan Strategy Generation
1.5.3 Multipath Considerations
1.5.4 Multitracking Mitigation
1.5.5 Radar Identification Improvements
Reference
Chapter 2
Radar Parameters and How They Affect ESM Systems
2.1 Pulsed and Continuous-Wave (CW) Radars [1]
2.2 Pulse Descriptor Words (PDW)
2.3 RF
2.3.1 RF Agility
2.4 PRI
2.4.1 Fixed PRI
2.4.2 Staggered PRI
2.4.3 Jittered PRI
2.4.4 Switch and Dwell PRI
2.4.5 Pulse Group Repetition Interval (PGRI)
2.5 PW
2.5.1 Pulse Rise Times
2.6 Pulse Modulation
2.7 Radar Beamshapes
2.8 Scan Patterns
2.8.1 Circular Scan
2.8.2 Sector Scan
2.8.3 Raster Scan
2.8.4 Spiral Scan
2.8.5 Helical Scan
2.8.6 Conical Scan
2.8.7 Palmer Scan
2.8.8 Nodding Scan
2.8.9 Lobe Switching
2.8.10 Track-While-Scan
2.8.11 Fixed (Locked On)
2.8.12 Multiple Elevation Beam
2.8.13 AESA Radar Scan
2.9 Effective Radiated Power (ERP)
2.10 Polarization
References
Chapter 3 The RF Environment
3.1 The Radar Range Equation and ESM systems
3.2 Radar Horizon
3.3 Types of Radar and Their Functions
3.3.1 ATC Radars
3.3.2 HS Radars
3.3.3 Airborne Radars
3.3.4 Ship Navigation Radars
3.3.5 Weather Radars
3.3.6 Threat Radars
3.3.7 Cellular/Mobile Phones
3.3.8 Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radars
3.3.9 AESA Radars
3.4 Radar Pulse Density
3.5 Example of Low-Pulse Density Environment: South Australia
3.6 Example of High-Pulse Density Environment: Straits of Malacca
3.7 Number of Pulses Needed for ESM Detection
References
Chapter 4
ESM Equipment
4.1 ESM Antennas
4.1.1 Spiral Antennas
4.1.2 Sinuous Antennas
4.1.3 Horn Antennas
4.1.4 Antennas for Phase Comparison Systems
4.1.5 Spinning Antennas
4.2 ESM Receivers
4.2.1 Superheterodyne Receivers
4.2.2 Crystal Video Receivers
4.2.3 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM) Receivers
4.2.4 Channelized Receivers
4.3 Parameter Measurement, Accuracy, and Resolution
4.3.1 RF
4.3.2 Timing
4.3.3 PW
4.3.4 Amplitude
4.3.5 PRI Calculation
4.3.6 DOA Calculation
4.4 ESM Sensitivity
4.4.1 Target Acquisition (TA)
4.4.2 Target Tracking (TT)
4.4.3 Missile Guidance (MG) and Target Illumination (TI) Radars
4.4.4mBeacon Interrogators (BI) and Missile Beacon (BN) Signals
4.4.5 Missile Homing Systems (MH)/Seekers
4.5 RF Scan Strategies
References
Chapter 5
Amplitude Comparison ESM
5.1 DOA determination in Amplitude Comparison Systems
5.2 Typical Amplitude Comparison Antenna Configurations
5.3 Effect of the ESM Antenna Separation on DOA Determination
5.4 DOA Errors Due to ESM Antenna Separation
5.5 Effect of Radar Beamshape on the DOA Error
5.6 Effect of Elevation on the DOA Error
5.7 Solutions to ESM Antenna Separation Problem
5.7.1 Colocate the ESM Antennas
5.7.2 Use Pulses from the Peak of the Radar Beam
5.7.3 Adjust Antenna Activation Levels to Give an Indication of DOA Error
References
Chapter 6 Time Difference of Arrival ESM
6.1 DOA Determination in TDOA ESM Systems
6.2 TOA Measurement
6.3 ESM Antenna Separation Effect
6.4 Effect of ESM Sensitivity on DOA Errors
6.5 Effect of ESM Antenna Beamshape on DOA Calculation
6.6 Effect of ESM Antenna Configuration on DOA Calculation and Resolution
6.7 TDOA Histograms and DOA Uncertainty
Chapter 7
Phase Comparison/Interferometer ESM
7.1 DOA Calculation in Phase Comparison Systems
7.2 Effect of Antenna Separation on DOA Calculation
7.3 Resolution of the DOA
7.4 The Effect of Radar Beamshape
7.5 Effect of Pulse Modulation
7.6 Effect of Pulse Shape
7.7 Effect of Radar RF
7.8 Phase Comparison Systems in Practice
7.9 Long Baseline Phase Comparison ESM Systems
Chapter 8
Deinterleavers and ESM Processing
8.1 Deinterleaving Techniques
8.2 DOA/Frequency or DTOA/Frequency Cluster Algorithms
8.3 Time of Arrival Difference Histogram (TOADH)
8.4 Predictive Gates
8.5 Graph Theory Deinterleaver (GT)
8.6 Radar Clock Period Deinterleavers
8.7 Parameter Classification Algorithms
8.8 Track Formation
References
Chapter 9
Intercept-to-Track Correlation
9.1 The Intercept-to-Track Correlation Process
9.2 Overlapping Parameter Ranges
9.3 Overmerging of Tracks
9.4 Effect of Identity on ESM Track Formation
9.5 Identification Ambiguity
9.6 Solutions for Overmerging of Tracks
References
Chapter 10
Radar Identification and ESM Radar Libraries
10.1 Radar Parameters for an ESM Library
10.2 Data Records for an ESM Library
10.3 Library Matching Using Parameter Weighting
10.4 Library Matching Using Parameter Scoring
10.5 Library Matching Using Parameter Tolerances
10.6 User Interfaces for Reprogramming ESM Libraries
10.7 Methods for Optimizing Library Matching
10.7.1 Use Generic Library Entries for Some Types of Radar
10.7.2 Library Matching Using the Way That ESM Systems See Radars
10.7.3 A Layered Approach to Identification
10.7.4 Use of Measured Parameter Dispersions
10.7.5 Use Sensible Tolerances for ESM Correlation and Library Matching
10.7.6 Use A Priori Information
10.7.7 Use of Specific Emitter Identification (SEI) Data
Chapter 11 Radar Location Estimation
11.1 Location Calculation
11.2 Location Error Ellipse
11.3 How to Draw an Error Ellipse
11.4 Radar Location in Practice
11.5 Issues with Radar Location
11.5.1 Magnitude of DOA Error
11.5.2 Intercept-to-Track Correlation
11.5.3 Orientation of the Error Ellipse
11.5.4 Sparse Data Sets
11.5.5 Multiple Radars of the Same Type
11.6 Multiplatform TDOA for Radar Location Estimation
11.7 FDOA Measurement of Radar Location
11.8 Amplitude in Radar Location Estimation
11.9 The Use of Extended Kalman Filters for Range-Finding
References
Chapter 12
ESM Performance Analysis
12.1 Data Recording and Required Data Capacity
12.1.1 ESM Pulse Data
12.1.2 ESM Intercept Data
12.1.3 ESM Track Data
12.1.4 ESM Status, BIT, and Alarm Data
12.1.5 Platform Navigation Data
12.1.6 Ground Truth
12.1.7 AIS Data
12.1.8 ESM Radar Library
12.2 ESM Performance Visualization
12.3 DOA Performance Assessment
12.4 ESM Track Analysis
12.5 Pulse Data Analysis
12.6 AOA Analysis
12.7 TDOA Histograms
12.8 Parameter Histograms
12.9 Location Accuracy
12.10 Probability of Intercept
12.11 Track Fragmentation
12.12 Accuracy of Identification/Ambiguity
12.13 Automation of ESM Analysis
Chapter 13
ESM Testing and Trials
13.1 Laboratory Testing
13.2 Dedicated Test Ranges
13.3 The Need for Real-World ESM Testing
13.4 Planning for an ESM Test or Trial
13.4.1 Setting Test/Trial Objectives
13.4.2 The Choice of a Trial Area
13.4.3 Aircraft Flight Profile
13.4.4 Aircraft Altitude
13.4.5 Determination of Ground Truth
13.4.6 Preflight Data and Simulation Needed Before the Testing Takes Place
13.5 Example of an ESM Test/Trial Preparation
13.5.1 Test/Trial Objectives
13.5.2 ESM Platform Parameters
13.6 Preflight Preparations
13.6.1 Selection of Aircraft Route
13.6.2 Simulation of the RF Environment
13.7 Postflight Data Analysis
13.7.1 Visualization of the Operator’s Screen/Replay of Recorded Data
13.7.2 Calculation of Ground Truth
13.7.3 Analysis of ESM Track Data
13.7.4 Analysis of ESM Pulse Data
References
Chapter 14 Multitracking
14.1 Causes of Multitracking
14.2 DOA Errors Due to Antenna Separation
14.3 DOA Errors Due to Multipath Interference
14.4 PRI Calculation Errors Due to DOA Errors
14.5 PRI Errors Due to Missing Pulses
14.6 PRI Errors Due to Complex PRI Sequences
14.7 PRI Errors Due to PW Measurement Errors
14.8 PW Measurement Errors
14.9 RF Agility
14.10 Methods to Reduce Multitracking
14.10.1 Improve DOA Measurement
14.10.2 Ignore Intercepts with Poor DOA
14.10.3 Design the PRI Calculation Algorithm to Allow for Missing Pulses
14.10.4 Define a PRI Quality Measure
14.10.5 Use a Realistic Number of Pulses for a Complex PRI Intercept
14.10.6 Do Not Use PW as a Deinterleaving Parameter
14.10.7 Time Out Single Intercept Tracks and Do Not Display on the Operator’s Screen
Chapter 15
Reflections and Multipath
15.1 Types of Reflections Affecting ESM Systems
15.2 Multipath
15.3 Multipath in Amplitude Comparison Systems
15.4 Multipath in TDOA Systems
15.5 Multipath in Phase Comparison Systems
15.6 Evidence for Multipath
References
Chapter 16
Factors Affecting Multipath
16.1 ESM Antenna Configuration
16.2 Radar Beamwidth
16.3 Reflection Geometry
16.4 Range to the Radar
16.5 Reflection Coefficient
Reference
Chapter 17
Extent of the Multipath Problem and Possible Solutions
17.1 Platform-Based Reflections
17.2 Ground-Based Reflections
17.3 Common DOA Profiles for Scanning Radars
17.4 Possible Solutions to the Multipath Problem for All Types of ESM
17.4.1 Colocate the ESM Antennas
17.4.2 Select the Pulses for Use in Track Creation
17.4.3 Use of Several Scan Peaks
17.4.4 Reduce the Pulse Amplitude Measurement Time
17.4.5 Classify the DOA Scan Type
17.4.6 Use Intrapulse Amplitude Profiles
17.5 Solutions for Multipath in Amplitude Comparison Systems
17.6 Solutions for Multipath in TDOASystems
17.7 Solution for Multipath in Phase Comparison Systems
17.8 Conclusions on Multipath
References
Chapter
18 The Future for ESM Systems
18.1 The Future of the RF Environment
18.1.1 AESA Radars
18.1.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Radar
18.1.3 Monopulse Radars
18.1.4 Broadband Radar
18.2 ESM Processing Considerations
18.2.1 DOA Measurement
18.2.2 Deinterleavers
18.3 The Future of ESM Library Matching
18.4 Multiplatform ESM
18.5 Autonomous/Intelligent EW Systems
References
Appendix A
Radar Beam Pattern Creation
Reference
Appendix B
Reflection Coefficients
Reference
Acronyms and Abbreviations
About the Author
Index