دانلود کتاب PRACTICAL IMAGING INFORMATICS foundations and applications for.

فهرست مطالب :

Introduction
The Evolution of the Imaging Informatics Professional
Who Should Read This Book
The Organization of This Book
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Medical Imaging
Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Images
1.1 Healthcare and Medical Imaging
1.2 Why Medical Images Are Helpful in Healthcare
1.2.1 Establishing a Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis
1.2.2 Screening and Delayed Diagnosis
1.3 The Chain of Events for Medical Imaging
1.4 Urgency in Radiology (Why Physicians Need the Results Now!)
1.5 Additional Healthcare Data Needed for Medical Imaging
1.5.1 Relevant Clinical Information
1.5.2 Results Reporting
References
Chapter 2: Medical Terminology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Subspecialty Sections in the Radiology Department
2.3 Positions, Planes, and Projections
2.3.1 Directional Terms
2.3.2 Imaging Planes
2.3.3 Body Positions
2.3.4 Imaging Projections
2.4 Anatomical Terms in a DICOM Header
2.4.1 Image Laterality (0020,0062)
2.4.2 Patient Orientation (0020,0020)
2.4.3 Body Part Examined (0018,0015)
2.4.4 Study Description (0008,1030)
2.4.5 Patient Position (0018,5100)
Chapter 3: Medical Imaging Modalities and Digital Images
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Special Aspects of Medical Images
3.1.2 Medical Imaging Terminology
3.2 Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
3.2.1 Projection Radiography
3.2.2 Mammography and Tomosynthesis
3.2.3 Fluorography
3.2.4 Computed Tomography (CT)
3.2.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) [1]
3.2.6 Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
3.2.7 Ultrasound
3.2.8 Visible Light
3.3 Digital Images
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Digital Image Formation
3.3.3 Image Quality Factors
Reference
Suggested Reading
Chapter 4: Image Post-Processing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Image Filtering
4.2.1 Histogram Manipulation
4.2.2 Enhancement
4.2.3 Frequency Filtering
4.2.4 Noise Reduction
4.2.5 Practical Considerations
4.3 Segmentation
4.3.1 Basics
4.3.2 Morphological Operators
4.3.3 Classification
4.4 Registration
4.4.1 Transforms
4.4.2 Similarity Metrics
4.4.3 Optimization
4.5 3D Visualization
4.5.1 Volume Data and Its Grid Structure
4.5.2 Projection Rendering
4.5.3 Surface Rendering
4.5.4 Direct Volume Rendering
4.5.5 Cinematic Rendering
4.6 Post-processing and Billing
Suggested Readings
Chapter 5: Incorporating Nonimage Data
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of Non-Image Objects
5.2.1 Scanned Documents
5.2.2 External Sources
5.2.3 Modalities
5.3 Data and Workflow Considerations
5.3.1 Paper Scanned Documents
5.3.2 DICOM SR
5.3.3 AI applications
5.3.4 Shared Considerations
Part II: Information Technology
Chapter 6: Computers and Networking
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Computers 101: Hardware
6.2.1 Hardware Elements of Computers
6.2.2 GPUs/TPUs
6.2.3 Memory Types
6.2.4 Storage
6.2.5 Input/Output
6.2.6 Data Bus
6.2.7 BIOS
6.2.8 Virtual Machine
6.3 Computers 101: Software
6.3.1 Computer Operating System
6.3.2 Application Software
6.3.3 Software Containers
6.3.4 Programming Languages
6.3.4.1 Low-Level Programming Language
6.3.4.2 High-Level Programming Language
6.3.4.3 Integrated Development Environment
6.4 Computer Networking
6.4.1 Physical (Hardware) Networking Components
6.4.2 Network Switches, Hubs, Bridges, and Routers
6.4.3 Network Processes and Protocols
6.4.4 Data Packets
6.4.5 Bandwidth and Latency
6.5 Client-Server Architecture
6.5.1 Cloud Computing
6.5.1.1 SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS
6.5.2 Web Services
6.5.3 Protocols
6.6 Database Applications
Chapter 7: Data Storage
7.1 Philosophy of Storing Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI)
7.1.1 Enterprise Storage Versus Departmental Silos of Storage
7.1.2 Storage Management Responsibilities
7.1.3 Economics of Storage Management
7.2 Datacenters
7.2.1 Tier Rating of Datacenters
7.3 Types of Medical Data
7.3.1 Variable Content Files (VCF)
7.3.2 Fixed Content Files (FCF)
7.4 Storage Requirements for ePHI
7.4.1 Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
7.4.2 Storage Requirements for Clinical Studies
7.5 Retention and Destruction Requirements for ePHI
7.5.1 Retention Requirements for ePHI
7.5.2 Film Screen and Digital Mammograms
7.5.3 Destruction Requirements for ePHI
7.6 Storage Technology
7.6.1 Types of Storage Media
7.6.2 Storage Management Infrastructure and Hardware
7.6.3 Storage Management Software
7.6.4 Cloud Storage
7.6.5 Vendor Neutral Archive (VNA)
7.7 Compression of Medical Images
7.7.1 Basic Concepts
7.7.2 Lossless Compression
7.7.3 Lossy Compression
Chapter 8: Data Security and Patient Privacy
8.1 Background
8.1.1 Definitions
8.1.1.1 Patient Privacy
8.1.1.2 Data Security
8.1.2 History
8.1.3 Regulations
8.1.4 Targets and Adversaries
8.2 Attacks on Patient Health
8.3 Network Attacks
8.4 Social Engineering
8.4.1 Phishing
8.4.2 Protection Systems
8.5 Future Threats
Chapter 9: PACS and Other Image Management Systems
9.1 Introduction: What Is PACS?
9.2 History of PACS
9.3 Core Components of Traditional PACS Architecture
9.3.1 Acquisition Devices
9.3.2 Network
9.3.3 Archive
9.3.4 Database
9.3.5 Image Viewers
9.3.6 Radiology Information System (RIS)
9.3.7 Interface Engine/PACS Broker
9.4 Other Image Management Systems
9.5 Imaging Workflow Elements of PACS and Other Image Management Systems
9.6 Valuable Imaging Workflow Advances Made Possible by PACS and Other Image Management Systems
Chapter 10: Ancillary Software
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Build Versus Buy
10.3 Results Management
10.3.1 Critical Results
10.3.2 Noncritical Actionable Findings
10.4 Radiation Exposure Management
10.5 Decision Support
10.5.1 Clinical Decision Support
10.5.2 Radiologist Decision Support
10.6 Education
10.6.1 Teaching Files
10.6.2 Discrepancy Tracking
10.7 Quality Improvement
10.7.1 Adverse Event Reporting
10.7.2 Opportunities for Improvement
10.8 Consultation Tools
References
Part III: Imaging Informatics
Chapter 11: Databases and Data Retrieval
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Developing a Database for Imaging Research
11.2.1 Planning What Data Need to Be Collected for an Imaging Research Protocol
11.2.2 Types of Image Databases
11.2.3 Information Governance: Approval and Anonymization
11.2.4 Transfer of Data from PACS and EHR: Quality Assurance
11.2.5 Data Processing
11.2.6 Software for Image Databases
11.2.7 Security and Safety of the Database
11.3 Using the Database
11.3.1 Information Governance: Data Sharing and Access
11.3.2 Planning Data Usage in the Context of a Study
11.3.3 Database Merging and Sustainability
References
Chapter 12: Standards and Interoperability
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Problem: A Dynamic Multivendor Ecosystem
12.2.1 Systems to Integrate
12.2.2 Workflows to Integrate
12.2.3 The Cost of Proprietary Integration
12.2.4 Final Word
12.3 HL7, the Health Data Standard
12.3.1 Overview
12.3.2 HL7 v2
12.3.3 FHIR
12.4 DICOM, the Imaging Standard
12.4.1 Overview
12.4.2 DICOM Structure
12.4.3 DICOM Information Object Definitions
12.4.4 DICOM Workflow and Transport
12.4.5 DICOMweb
12.5 Coding Systems
12.5.1 SNOMED-CT
12.5.2 LOINC
12.5.3 ICD
12.6 Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)
12.6.1 Introduction
12.6.2 Key IHE Profiles for Radiology
12.6.3 Key IHE Profiles for IT Infrastructure
12.7 Bringing It All Together
12.7.1 Building an Integration
12.7.2 Identity
12.7.3 Security
References
Chapter 13: Billing and Coding
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Revenue Cycle
13.3 Terminology and Standards
13.4 Required Practices
13.4.1 CPT Codes
13.4.2 ICD-10 Codes
13.5 Information Transfer
References
Chapter 14: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning
14.2.1 “Traditional” Machine Learning
14.2.2 Deep Learning and Neural Networks
14.2.3 Supervised vs. Unsupervised Tasks
14.2.4 Datasets
14.2.5 Validation Metrics
14.3 Applications
14.3.1 Detecting, Classifying, Localizing, and Segmenting
14.3.2 Enhancing Image Quality
14.3.3 Improving the Workflow
14.3.4 Guiding Interventional Radiology
14.3.5 Extracting More Information with Radiomics
14.4 Limitations and Challenges
14.4.1 Data
14.4.2 Generalizability
14.4.3 Explainability or Interpretability
14.4.4 Detection of Errors
14.4.5 Automation Bias
Further Reading
Part IV: Image Interpretation and Support
Chapter 15: Roles and Relationships in Healthcare
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Imaging – Widening the Aperture
15.2.1 Embracing the Enterprise
15.2.2 The Illusion of Communication
15.2.3 Aligning with the Care Team
15.2.4 Understanding the Imaging Value Chain
15.3 Internal Relationships
15.3.1 The Radiologist-Clinician Relationship
15.3.2 Information Technology
15.3.3 Alignment Models and the C-suite
15.4 Decision-Making
15.4.1 Organizing for Success
15.4.2 A Seat at the Table
15.5 External Relationships
15.5.1 Vendor Partners
15.5.2 External Organizations
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Workflow Steps in Radiology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Understanding Basic Concepts
16.3 Documentation and Process Flow
16.4 Key Steps of Workflow
16.5 IHE Workflow Steps
16.6 Structured Content
16.7 Web Services
16.8 IHE Workflow Models
16.9 Goals
16.10 Summary
Chapter 17: Viewing Images
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Basics of Human Perception
17.3 Display Hardware Basics
17.4 Display Software Considerations
17.5 Human-Computer Interface
17.6 Fatigue in the Reading Room
17.7 Special Considerations for Mammography, Tomosynthesis, and Breast Imaging
References
Chapter 18: Reporting and Dictation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Structured Reporting
18.2.1 Advantages of Structured Reporting
18.2.2 Disadvantages of Structured Reporting
18.2.3 Recommendations
18.2.4 Implementation Strategies
18.3 Lexicons, Coding Systems, and Ontologies
18.3.1 ACR Reporting and Data Systems
18.3.2 RadLex [21]
18.3.3 LOINC/RSNA Radiology Playbook
18.3.4 RadElement Common Data Elements
18.4 Communications
18.4.1 Radiology Reports and Patients
18.4.2 Critical Results and Actionable Findings
18.5 Speech Recognition
18.5.1 How Does Speech Recognition Work?
18.5.2 Advantages of Speech Recognition
18.5.3 Disadvantages of Speech Recognition
18.5.4 Speech Recognition Errors and Possible Remedies
18.5.5 Implementation
18.6 Interfaces and Integration
18.7 The Radiology Report of the Future
References
Chapter 19: User Governance
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Roles of Governance, Mission, and Principles
19.2.1 Mission Statement
19.2.2 Roles of Governance
19.3 Necessary Components of Imaging Informatics Governance
19.3.1 Clinical Governance
19.3.2 Data, Information, and Knowledge Governance
19.3.3 Technology Governance
19.3.4 Financial Governance
19.3.5 Program Governance
19.4 Imaging Governance Operations
19.4.1 Imaging Governance Composition
19.4.2 Top-Down Approach
19.4.3 Bottom-Up Approach
19.4.4 Systems for Prioritizing
19.5 When You Present to Imaging Governance
References
Chapter 20: External Data
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Image Transfer
20.2.1 Image Transfer Protocols
20.2.2 Inbound and Outbound Image Transfer
20.2.3 Outside Image Consultation and Interpretation
20.3 Imaging Repositories and Research
20.3.1 Multi-institutional Image Sharing
20.3.2 Health Information Exchanges (HIEs)
20.3.3 Research Repositories
References
Part V: Work Environment and User Training
Chapter 21: Reading Room Design
21.1 Introduction
21.2 History and Evolving Impact of Reading Room Design
21.2.1 The Impact of Reading Room Design
21.2.2 Reading Room Locations
21.3 Challenges of Reading Room Design
21.3.1 Educating the Design Team
21.3.2 Optimal Reading Space
21.4 Room Configuration
21.4.1 Subdivision of Moderately Sized Spaces
21.4.2 Conference Space
21.5 Reading Room Environment and Design Optimization
21.5.1 Lighting
21.5.2 Acoustics
21.5.3 Thermal Comfort
21.6 Ergonomics
21.7 Connectivity
21.8 Fatigue
21.9 Airflow in the Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Era
21.9.1 Airflow Design
21.9.2 Air Recycling
Chapter 22: Enterprise Distribution
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Evolution of Enterprise Image Distribution
22.3 Image Availability Notifications
22.4 EMR Integration
22.4.1 Orders-Based Distribution
22.4.2 Encounters-Based Distribution
22.5 Infrastructure Considerations
22.5.1 Storage
22.5.2 Viewer Accessibility
22.5.3 Logins and Permissions
22.5.4 Encryption
22.5.5 Auto-Routing and Prefetching
22.6 Enterprise Viewers
22.7 Image Sharing and Exchange
Chapter 23: Customer Relations
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Customer Groups and Their Concerns
23.2.1 Radiologists and Other Imaging Physicians
23.2.2 Clinicians
23.2.3 Technologists
23.2.4 Hospital IT
23.2.5 Hospital Personnel
23.2.6 Vendors
23.2.7 Patients
23.3 Tools of the Trade
23.3.1 Documentation and Education
23.3.2 Ticket and Issue Tracking
23.3.3 Proactive System Monitoring
23.4 Final Thoughts
Chapter 24: User Training
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Assessing the Need
24.2.1 Training Purpose
24.2.2 Typical Training Methods
24.3 Design and Development
24.3.1 Training Adult Learners
24.3.2 Learning Objectives
24.3.3 Select a Delivery Method
24.3.4 Creating Materials and Documentation
24.4 Implementation
24.4.1 Schedule
24.4.2 Preparation
24.5 Evaluation
24.5.1 Learning Cycle
24.5.2 Financial Assessment
24.5.3 Creating Assessment Materials
24.6 Follow-Up
References
Chapter 25: Quality Improvement and Workflow Engineering
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Establish an Organizational Foundation
25.2.1 Leadership
25.2.2 Key Staff Roles
25.3 Project-Based Improvement
25.3.1 When to Initiate a QI Project
25.3.2 Identify the Problem
25.3.3 Form a Team
25.3.4 Identify Methodology
25.3.5 Observe Current Performance
25.3.6 Measure Performance
25.3.7 Identify Problems and Causes
25.3.8 Develop and Implement Solutions
25.3.9 Sustain Improvement
25.4 Workflow Engineering
25.4.1 Workflow Enhancements
25.4.2 Workflow Bottlenecks
Chapter 26: Change Management and Acceptance Testing
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Change Management
26.2.1 Initiating Change
26.2.2 Managing Expectations
26.2.3 Accepting Change
26.2.4 Change Control Process
26.3 Acceptance Testing
26.3.1 System Integration and Interfaces
26.3.2 Modality Integration
26.3.3 PACS Components
26.3.4 Workstation Functionality
26.3.5 PACS Monitor Testing
26.4 Conclusion
Part VI: Operations
Chapter 27: Imaging Quality Assurance
27.1 Introduction
27.2 QA of Digital Imaging
27.2.1 Errors in a Digital Imaging System
27.2.2 False Sense of Security
27.2.3 Errors Inside and Outside the Digital World
27.2.4 Consequences of Well-Known Errors
27.3 Processes and Products in the Imaging Department
27.3.1 Report Is the Product; Images Are Auxiliary
27.3.2 Process Mapping
27.4 Measurable Indicators of Quality of Imaging Services
27.4.1 Availability and Quality of Images and Reports
27.4.2 Physical Aspects of Image Quality
27.4.3 Ionizing Radiation Dose
27.4.4 Electronic Display Quality
27.4.5 Repeated Images
27.4.6 Discrepancies in Demographic and Exam Information
27.4.7 Misidentification
27.5 Mechanisms for Improving Performance in the Digital Department
27.5.1 Selection of Indicators and Action Limits
27.5.2 Timeline Analysis
27.5.3 Radiation Dose Index Monitoring
27.5.4 Reject Analysis
27.5.5 Reliability Analysis
27.5.6 Radiologist Image Critique
27.5.7 Training and Orientation
27.5.8 Service Support
27.6 Roles and Responsibilities for QA
27.6.1 Radiologic Technologist
27.6.2 Imaging Informatics Professional
27.6.3 Qualified Medical Physicist (QMP)
27.6.4 Radiologist
27.6.5 Radiology Administrator
27.6.6 QA Committee
Further Reading
Chapter 28: Disaster Recovery
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Disaster Recovery
28.2.1 General
28.2.2 Planning
28.2.2.1 Critical Infrastructure
28.2.2.2 Identify DR Scenario(s)
28.2.3 Resources
28.2.4 Budget
28.3 Execution of Disaster Recovery
28.3.1 Testing Scenarios
28.3.2 In Practice
28.4 Protection
28.4.1 Standards of Practice
28.4.2 Cyber Monitoring of Threats
28.4.3 Protecting Critical Data on DR Systems
28.5 Validation
28.5.1 Testing Scripts
28.6 Documentation
28.6.1 Enterprise Level
28.6.2 Department Level
28.7 The Future of Disaster Recovery
28.7.1 Filling the Disaster Recovery Skills Gap
28.7.2 The Disaster Recovery Return on Investment
28.7.3 Shift from “Recovery” to “Continuity”
28.7.4 Real-Time Adaptation to Threats
Chapter 29: Downtime Procedures
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Downtime Considerations and Scenarios
29.2.1 Scheduled Downtimes
29.2.2 Unscheduled Downtimes
29.3 Planning for Downtimes
29.4 Business Continuance
29.4.1 Fault Tolerance
29.4.2 High Availability
29.4.3 Disaster Recovery
29.5 Policies and Procedures
29.6 Conclusion
Further Reading
Chapter 30: Policy Management and Regulatory Compliance
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The Health Information Privacy and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
30.2.1 Overview
30.2.2 Title II: Administrative Simplification
30.2.3 The Privacy Rule
30.2.4 The Security Rule
30.2.5 The Enforcement Rule
30.2.6 The HITECH Act
30.2.7 The Final Omnibus Rule
30.2.8 State, Local, and Organizational Regulations
30.3 Interoperability
30.3.1 ONC 10-Year Interoperability Roadmap
30.3.2 CMS and ONC Interoperability Legislation
30.4 FDA Medical Device Regulation
30.5 Mammography Quality Standards Act
30.5.1 Accreditation, Certification, and Inspection
30.5.2 Requirements
30.5.3 Mammography Quality Control (QC)
30.5.4 Patient Results
30.5.5 Full-Field Digital Mammography
30.5.6 Digital Breast Tomosynthesis
30.5.7 Breast Density Reporting
30.5.8 Proposed MQSA Update 2019
30.6 Imaging Informatics Professional Certification (CIIP)
30.6.1 Overview
30.6.2 Certification Exam Requirements
30.6.3 Certification Exam Preparation
30.6.4 Continuing Education
30.6.5 Ten-Year CIIP Recertification
Further Readings
Chapter 31: Availability and Notification
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Measuring Availability for Service Level Agreements
31.2.1 Key Services in Medical Imaging
31.2.2 System Availability
31.2.3 Defining Appropriate Service Level Agreements
31.2.4 Identifying Service Level Agreement Breaches
31.3 Identifying Service Interruptions
31.3.1 Proactive Identification
31.3.2 Reactive Identification
31.4 Service Interruption Management
31.4.1 Incidents
31.4.2 Problem Management
31.4.3 Managing Alerts
31.5 Service Interruption Communication
31.5.1 Policies and Procedures
31.5.2 Notification Practices
References
Part VII: Project Management
Chapter 32: PACS Readiness and PACS Migration
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Choosing to Change PACS
32.3 Assessment
32.3.1 Assessing Workload
32.3.2 Workflow
32.3.3 Personnel
32.3.4 Interfaces
32.3.5 What Kind of PACS?
32.4 Change Management
32.4.1 Training Issues
32.4.2 IT Historians and Their Roles and Importance
32.4.3 Getting Help
32.5 Data Migration
32.5.1 Migration Methods
32.5.2 What to Migrate
32.5.3 Data Enhancement in Migration
32.5.4 Data Cleansing and Reconciliation
32.5.5 Do-It-Yourself Migration
32.5.6 Commercial Migration
32.5.7 Specifying a Migration Project
References
Chapter 33: Procurement
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Standard Practices for Acquisition of Technology
33.2.1 Developing an Appropriate Business Plan
33.2.2 Request for Information
33.2.3 Request for Proposal
33.2.4 Technology Acquisition Components
33.3 Requirements
33.3.1 Vendor Management Strategies
33.3.2 Technical and Hardware Requirements
33.3.3 Additional RFP Information
33.3.4 Defining Expected Performance and Product Stability
33.4 RFP Review
33.4.1 Review Responses to RFP
33.4.2 Site Visits
33.4.3 Proof of Concept (POC)
33.4.4 Deconstructed PACS
33.5 Contracts
33.5.1 Business Terms
33.5.2 Technical Terms
33.5.3 Legal Terms
33.5.4 Negotiating the Contract
33.5.5 Payment Terms and Budgeting
Chapter 34: Imaging Program Management
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Imaging Program Oversight
34.2.1 Imaging Program Committee Membership
34.2.2 Strategy and Tactics
34.2.3 Imaging Operations Workgroup
34.3 Identify Goal, Scope, and Risks
34.3.1 Imaging Project Goals
34.3.2 Imaging Project Scope
34.3.3 Project Milestones
34.3.4 Project Team Membership
34.3.5 Common Risks for Imaging Informatics Projects
34.3.6 Risk Mitigation Strategies
34.4 Evaluation of Project Feasibility
34.4.1 Local Environment Assessment
34.4.2 Physical Plant Assessment
34.4.3 Financial Feasibility
34.4.4 Project Prioritization
34.4.5 Project Management Methodology
34.5 Common Project Management Tools
34.5.1 Project Development Stages
34.5.2 Project Management Methodologies
34.5.3 Project Management Forms and Tools
34.5.4 The Role of the Imaging Informatics Professional
Further Reading
Answer Key
Glossary
Index