دانلود کتاب Practical Petroleum Geochemistry for Exploration and Production

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Front Cover
PRACTICAL PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 - Introduction
Introduction
A Brief History of Petroleum Geochemistry
Definitions
Petroleum
Geochemistry
Petroleum System
Sedimentary Organic Matter
Other Sedimentary Organic Deposits
Organic Chemistry Review
Covalent Bonds
Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
N-S-O Compounds
Asphaltenes
Reactions
Stable Isotope Review
CHAPTER
2 - The Formation of Petroleum Accumulations
Introduction
Incorporating Organic Matter Into Sediments
Kerogen Formation
Source Rock Deposition
Maturation and Hydrocarbon Generation
Petroleum Migration
Origin of Nonhydrocarbon Gases
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Hydrogen Sulfide
Helium
Hydrogen
Coals as Oil-Prone Source Rocks
Summary
CHAPTER
3 - Source Rock Evaluation
Definitions and Fundamental Concepts
Sample Collection
Cuttings
Headspace Gas/Canned Cuttings
Drilling Mud and Mud Additive Sample
Core and Sidewall Cores
Total Organic Carbon
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
Source Richness Interpretations
Thermal Maturity Interpretations
Source Quality Interpretations
Solvent Extraction, S-A-R-A Analysis, and Extract Data
Source Richness and Quality Interpretations
Gas Chromatography
Source Quality Interpretations
Thermal Maturity Interpretations
Recognizing Contamination
Headspace Gas Analysis
Source Richness Interpretations
Thermal Maturity Interpretations
Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography
Kerogen Isolation
Elemental Analysis
Vitrinite Reflectance
Interferences With Vitrinite Reflectance
Lack of Vitrinite
Cavings and Reworked Vitrinite
Unconformities/Normal Faults
Reverse Faults
Change in Geothermal Gradient/Heat Flow
Igneous Intrusives
Suppression and Misidentification
Vitrinite Anisotropy
Maturity Interpretations With Vitrinite Reflectance
Alternative Reflectance Method
Liptinite/Sporinite/Exinite Reflectance
Solid Bitumen Reflectance
Graptolite, Scolecodont, and Chitinozoan Reflectance
Visual Kerogen Typing
Thermal Alteration Index
Kerogen Fluorescence
Conodont Alteration Index
Wireline Log Interpretations
Gamma Ray
Formation Density
Sonic Transit Time
Resistivity
Source Rock Presence Interpretations
Source Richness Interpretations
Thermal Maturity Interpretations
Using Outcrop Samples
Strategies in Source Rock Evaluation
Background Information
Defining the Problem
Making Interpretations
CHAPTER
4 - Interpreting Crude Oil and Natural Gas Data
Introduction
Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Natural Gas
API Gravity
Gas Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Pour Point
Cloud Point
Flash Point
Weight Percent Sulfur
Nickel (Ni) and Vanadium (V) Contents
S-A-R-A
Solution Gas–Oil Ratio and Solution Oil–Gas Ratio
Heating Value of Natural Gas
Phase Behavior
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Alteration
Thermal Alteration
Biodegradation
Water-Washing
Gas-Washing
Deasphalting
Devolatilization
Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction
Contamination
Oil-to-Oil and Oil-to-Source Rock Correlations
Biomarkers
Biomarker Analysis
Comparing Data for Oil-to-Oil and Oil-to-Source Rock Correlations
Crude Oil Inversion
Presence of Individual Biomarker Indicators
Relative Abundance of Groups of Compounds
Biomarker Ratios
Strategies and Obstacles in Oil Correlation and Oil Inversion Studies
Natural Gas Data
The Source of Natural Gas: Biogenic Versus Thermogenic
The Maturity of Thermogenic Natural Gas
Gas-to-Gas and Gas-to-Source Rock Correlations
Strategies and Obstacles in Interpreting Gas Data
CHAPTER
5 - Reservoir Geochemistry
Introduction
Pay Zone Detection
Mud Gas Analysis
Mud Gas Data Interpretation
Fluorescence and Cut
Isotubes
Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
Solvent Extraction/Gas Chromatography
Thermal Extraction–Gas Chromatography
High-Molecular Weight Waxes
Asphaltenes
Reservoir Continuity
Reservoir Continuity Using Mud Gas Data
Reservoir Continuity Using Oil Samples
Reservoir Continuity Using Gas Samples
Production Allocation
Production Problems and Periodic Sampling
Monitoring Enhanced Oil Recovery
Reservoir Souring
Strategies in Reservoir Geochemistry
CHAPTER
6 - Surface Geochemistry
Introduction
Microseepage
Direct Indicators of Hydrocarbon Microseepage
Soil Gas
Adsorbers
Indirect Indicators of Hydrocarbon Microseepage
Microbial
Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
Iodine
Induced Polarization and Resistivity
Magnetic Contrasts
Microseepage Survey Design and Interpretation
Onshore Macroseepage
Offshore Macroseepage
Locating Potential Seafloor Seep Sites
Sea Surface Slicks
Water Column “Sniffers”
Seafloor Features Associated With Seepage
Locating Potential Seafloor Seep Features
Sampling Potential Seafloor Seep Sites
Analyzing Seafloor Sediments for Thermogenic Hydrocarbons
Sea Surface Slicks
Oil Slick Sampling and Analysis
Offshore Gas Seep Sampling and Analysis
Beach Tar Sampling and Analysis
CHAPTER
7 - Unconventional Resources
Introduction
Coalbed Methane
Petroleum Geochemistry and Coalbed Methane
Shale Gas
Petroleum Geochemistry and Shale Gas
Additional Support for Shale Gas Plays
Shale Oil
Hybrid Systems
Petroleum Geochemistry and Hybrid Systems
CHAPTER
8 - Basin Modeling
Introduction
Burial History
Thermal History
Modeling Maturation, Hydrocarbon Generation, and Expulsion
Maturation Modeling
Hydrocarbon Generation Modeling
Expulsion Modeling
Modeling Migration
Ray-Path Modeling
Darcy Flow Modeling
Invasion Percolation Modeling
Predicting Preservation
1-D Model Results
Burial History Diagrams
Depth Profiles
Time Profiles
Model Validation
Sensitivity Analysis
Volumetric Estimations
The Role of Basin Modeling in Unconventional Plays
CHAPTER
9 - Petroleum System Concepts and Tools
Introduction
Elements and Processes
Temporal Aspects
Spatial Aspects
Plays and Prospects
A Working Petroleum System
Risking
Index
A
B
C
D
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
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