دانلود کتاب Practice and Prestige: An Exploration of Neolithic Warfare, Bell Beaker Archery, and Social Stratification from an Anthropological Perspective

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
Introduction
Archaeological background
Neolithization
The Early and Middle Neolithic periods
The Pre-Bell Beaker Final Neolithic period
Figure 1: a. A Corded Ware polished battle ax from near Hijken (Netherlands), from Wentlink (2020: Figure 5.14) (object from the Drent Museum collection in Assen); b. Example Bell Beaker stone wristguards, including a roughout (left), from the Eastern com
The Bell Beaker period
Figure 2: Distribution map of bell beakers throughout Europe, from Besse (2015: Figure 1)
Figure 3: The common Bell Beaker grave goods ensemble in Moravia (Czechia), including metal objects (needles, awls, earrings, hair ornaments), v-shaped buttons, daggers, bow-shaped pendants, arrowheads, stone wristguards, and arrow shaft smoothers, from D
Part 1: Neolithic warfare
During the Neolithic period
Anthropological evidence
Figure 4: Geomagnetic survey of the Austrian site of Schletz showing a double enclosure where several skeletons were found, from Lenneis (2001: Figure 7)
Figure 5: The LBK ditch burial at Schöneck-Kilianstädten (Germany), from Meyer et al. (2015: Figure 1)
Table 1: Examples of violent deaths identified on European Neolithic skeletons
Fortifications
Figure 6: Middle Neolithic enclosure around a settlement at Bucany (Slovakia). Image adapted from Pažinová (2007: Figure 1); original drawing from Bujna and Romsauer (1986: Figure 2)
Table 2: Examples of fortification sites throughout Europe during the Neolithic period
Imagery
Figure 7: Battle image from El Cingle de la Mola Remigia (Spain), including what seems to be an arriving group (or phalanx) of 5 individuals, 4 of whom appear to be men due to the visible detailing of a penis, image adapted from Nash (2005: Figures 1b and
Horses: domestication and riding
Table 3: Examples of Levantine cave paintings depicting scenes of violence and an additional example from France
Weapons
Figure 8: The lithic assemblage found with Ötzi (Italy, second half of the 4th millennium BC); a: dagger, b: endscraper, c: borer, d-e: arrowheads, f: small flake, from Wierer et al. (2018: Figure 1)
Bows
Figure 9: An example of a Neolithic long bow recovered from the Schnidejoch passage (Alps), from Hafner (2012: Figure 7)
Arrows
Figure 10: Examples of early transverse arrowheads (Dordogne, France), from Cheynier (1946: page 209)
During the Bell Beaker period
Figure 11: A summary of the findings from Lemercier (2011). The pie chart on the left shows burials with and without a weapon; the middle chart shows burials with archery-related items; the right chart shows the number of graves with wristguards, arrowhea
Figure 12: Arrowhead lodged in vertebrae (case 7) at San Juan ante Portam Latinam (Spain), from Soriano et al. (2015: Figure 9), original photo from Etxeberría and Herrasti (2007: Figure 66)
Anthropological evidence
Table 4: Examples of violent deaths dated to the Bell Beaker period
Fortifications
Figure 13: Bell Beaker fortification sites from the Iberian Peninsula, images from Cardoso (2008: Figures
4 and 1 respectively);
a. Vila Nova de São Pedro (Portugal); b. Leceia (Portugal)
Imagery
Figure 14: Examples of types A and B stelae from the Petit-Chasseur site (Switzerland), from
Corboud (2009: Figures 21 and 44 respectively) ; a. Type A, stele 2 ; b. Type B, stele 18
Table 5: Stelae from the Petit-Chasseur site (Switzerland) with depictions of daggers, axes, and bows and arrows (Corboud 2009)
Bow-shaped pendants
Figure 15: The three classified groups of decorated bow-shaped pendants, from Heyd (2000: Figure 79)
Weapons
Figure 16: Copper knives/daggers from the Amesbury Archer burial (United Kingdom) before conservation, from Fitzpatrick (2011: Plate 40)
Bows
Figure 17: Battle scene from Les Dogues (Spain, date unconfirmed) with what appear to be composite bows (circled), image adapted from Nash (2005: Figure 3), original from Ripoll Perello (1963)
Figure 18: A reconstruction of child burial grave 1 from Landau-Südost (Germany) with a hypothesized bow placement, from Heyd (2007: Figure 15)
Arrows
Figure 19: Bell Beaker flint arrowheads from the Amesbury Archer burial in England (top) and burial 2 from Stehelčeves III in Czechia (bottom; includes both arrowheads with a hollow base and rough-outs), from Nicolas (2019: Figure 1)
Figure 20: Artifacts making up an ‘arrow maker’s’ kit found at Vorbasse 2a, Ribe, Denmark; Objects include: arrowheads, rough-outs, sandstone arrow shaft smoothers, dagger, scraper; from Nicolas (2019: Figure 3)
Wristguards
Figure 21: Classifications of Bell Beaker wristguards based on the original typology by Sangmeister (1974); a. Examples of wristguards from the Western Bell Beaker complex (top) and the Eastern Bell Beaker Complex (bottom), from Nicolas (2019: Figure 6) ;
A glance at Bronze Age warfare
Figure 22: A flint sword from Abydos Umm el-Qaab (Egypt) measuring 72 cm and dating to 3300-2900 BC, from Klimscha (2018: Figure 7.8)
Part 2: Neolithic social organization
Specialization
Figure 23: Schema portraying specialization as it relates to this study and how it can be used to interpret Bell Beaker social stratification
Figure 24: A typology of production from specialization based on the four primary parameters listed above, from Bostyn (2018: Figure 1.1), originally adapted from Costin (1991: Table 1-1)
Table 6: Examples of Bell Beaker child burials with an archer/warrior context
The problem of child burials
Social hierarchy
Early indications and genetic evidence
Structures and metalworks
Figure 25: An illustration of the appearance and possible hierarchy of Bell Beaker grave goods in Bavaria (Germany), from Heyd (2007: Figure 13)
Examples from Bulgaria
A return to warfare
Part 3: The anthropological connection
The anthropological study
The Bell Beaker skeletal collection
Figure 26: Map of Austria with the sites studied
Figure 27: Map of Czechia with the sites studied
Figure 28: Map of Germany with the sites studied
Table 7: Suspected Bell Beaker archers (A) ; asterisk(*) = wristguard present
Table 8: Non-suspected Bell Beaker archers (N)
Traumas
Table 9: Individuals with signs of traumas identified by the author as well as studied by Farkašová (2011); an asterisk (*) indicates that the individual is a suspected archer
The suspected archers and their contexts
Figure 29: The number of archer burials with and without a wristguard
Table 10: Archery contexts for suspected archers; Females (F) and sex not-determined (ND) appear at
the bottom of the table
Figure 30: The contexts of the burials with a wristguard
Figure 31: The contexts for the burials without a wristguard
Figure 32: The contexts of burials with a dagger and an archery-related item
Results summary
Interpretations at the population level
Interpretations at the individual level
The anthropological results within an archaeological framework
Burial contexts
Bell Beaker society
Figure 33: The relationship between burial context and an anthropological archer occupation classification
Figure 34: Diagram for interpreting potential societal value of specialized archery
Figure 35: Diagram for interpreting the function of wristguards and archery
Figure 36: The \"war side\" of the Standard of Ur, image available from the British Museum, www.britishmuseum.org, list number 121201
Figure 37: Diagram for interpreting the possible link between warfare and elevated social positions within a Bell Beaker community
A note on sex and sexism in archaeology
Closing remarks
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
118.pdf
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
Introduction
Archaeological background
Neolithization
The Early and Middle Neolithic periods
The Pre-Bell Beaker Final Neolithic period
The Bell Beaker period
Figure 1: a. A Corded Ware polished battle ax from near Hijken (Netherlands), from Wentlink (2020: Figure 5.14) (object from the Drent Museum collection in Assen); b. Example Bell Beaker stone wristguards, including a roughout (left), from the Eastern com
Figure 2: Distribution map of bell beakers throughout Europe, from Besse (2015: Figure 1)
Figure 3: The common Bell Beaker grave goods ensemble in Moravia (Czechia), including metal objects (needles, awls, earrings, hair ornaments), v-shaped buttons, daggers, bow-shaped pendants, arrowheads, stone wristguards, and arrow shaft smoothers, from D
Part 1: Neolithic warfare
During the Neolithic period
Anthropological evidence
Fortifications
Imagery
Horses: domestication and riding
Weapons
Bows
Arrows
During the Bell Beaker period
Anthropological evidence
Fortifications
Imagery
Bow-shaped pendants
Weapons
Bows
Arrows
Wristguards
A glance at Bronze Age warfare
Figure 4: Geomagnetic survey of the Austrian site of Schletz showing a double enclosure where several skeletons were found, from Lenneis (2001: Figure 7)
Figure 5: The LBK ditch burial at Schöneck-Kilianstädten (Germany), from Meyer et al. (2015: Figure 1)
Figure 6: Middle Neolithic enclosure around a settlement at Bucany (Slovakia). Image adapted from Pažinová (2007: Figure 1); original drawing from Bujna and Romsauer (1986: Figure 2)
Figure 7: Battle image from El Cingle de la Mola Remigia (Spain), including what seems to be an arriving group (or phalanx) of 5 individuals, 4 of whom appear to be men due to the visible detailing of a penis, image adapted from Nash (2005: Figures 1b and
Figure 8: The lithic assemblage found with Ötzi (Italy, second half of the 4th millennium BC); a: dagger, b: endscraper, c: borer, d-e: arrowheads, f: small flake, from Wierer et al. (2018: Figure 1)
Figure 9: An example of a Neolithic long bow recovered from the Schnidejoch passage (Alps), from Hafner (2012: Figure 7)
Figure 10: Examples of early transverse arrowheads (Dordogne, France), from Cheynier (1946: page 209)
Figure 11: A summary of the findings from Lemercier (2011). The pie chart on the left shows burials with and without a weapon; the middle chart shows burials with archery-related items; the right chart shows the number of graves with wristguards, arrowhea
Figure 12: Arrowhead lodged in vertebrae (case 7) at San Juan ante Portam Latinam (Spain), from Soriano et al. (2015: Figure 9), original photo from Etxeberría and Herrasti (2007: Figure 66)
4 and 1 respectively);
Figure 13: Bell Beaker fortification sites from the Iberian Peninsula, images from Cardoso (2008: Figures
a. Vila Nova de São Pedro (Portugal); b. Leceia (Portugal)
Corboud (2009: Figures 21 and 44 respectively) ; a. Type A, stele 2 ; b. Type B, stele 18
Figure 14: Examples of types A and B stelae from the Petit-Chasseur site (Switzerland), from
Figure 15: The three classified groups of decorated bow-shaped pendants, from Heyd (2000: Figure 79)
Figure 16: Copper knives/daggers from the Amesbury Archer burial (United Kingdom) before conservation, from Fitzpatrick (2011: Plate 40)
Figure 17: Battle scene from Les Dogues (Spain, date unconfirmed) with what appear to be composite bows (circled), image adapted from Nash (2005: Figure 3), original from Ripoll Perello (1963)
Figure 18: A reconstruction of child burial grave 1 from Landau-Südost (Germany) with a hypothesized bow placement, from Heyd (2007: Figure 15)
Figure 19: Bell Beaker flint arrowheads from the Amesbury Archer burial in England (top) and burial 2 from Stehelčeves III in Czechia (bottom; includes both arrowheads with a hollow base and rough-outs), from Nicolas (2019: Figure 1)
Figure 20: Artifacts making up an ‘arrow maker’s’ kit found at Vorbasse 2a, Ribe, Denmark; Objects include: arrowheads, rough-outs, sandstone arrow shaft smoothers, dagger, scraper; from Nicolas (2019: Figure 3)
Figure 21: Classifications of Bell Beaker wristguards based on the original typology by Sangmeister (1974); a. Examples of wristguards from the Western Bell Beaker complex (top) and the Eastern Bell Beaker Complex (bottom), from Nicolas (2019: Figure 6) ;
Figure 22: A flint sword from Abydos Umm el-Qaab (Egypt) measuring 72 cm and dating to 3300-2900 BC, from Klimscha (2018: Figure 7.8)
Part 2: Neolithic social organization
Specialization
The problem of child burials
Social hierarchy
Early indications and genetic evidence
Structures and metalworks
Examples from Bulgaria
A return to warfare
Figure 23: Schema portraying specialization as it relates to this study and how it can be used to interpret Bell Beaker social stratification
Figure 24: A typology of production from specialization based on the four primary parameters listed above, from Bostyn (2018: Figure 1.1), originally adapted from Costin (1991: Table 1-1)
Figure 25: An illustration of the appearance and possible hierarchy of Bell Beaker grave goods in Bavaria (Germany), from Heyd (2007: Figure 13)
Part 3: The anthropological connection
The anthropological study
The Bell Beaker skeletal collection
Traumas
The suspected archers and their contexts
Interpretations at the population level
Results summary
Interpretations at the individual level
The anthropological results within an archaeological framework
Burial contexts
Bell Beaker society
A note on sex and sexism in archaeology
Closing remarks
Figure 26: Map of Austria with the sites studied
Figure 27: Map of Czechia with the sites studied
Figure 28: Map of Germany with the sites studied
Figure 29: The number of archer burials with and without a wristguard
Figure 30: The contexts of the burials with a wristguard
Figure 31: The contexts for the burials without a wristguard
Figure 32: The contexts of burials with a dagger and an archery-related item
Figure 33: The relationship between burial context and an anthropological archer occupation classification
Figure 34: Diagram for interpreting potential societal value of specialized archery
Figure 35: Diagram for interpreting the function of wristguards and archery
Figure 36: The \"war side\" of the Standard of Ur, image available from the British Museum, www.britishmuseum.org, list number 121201
Figure 37: Diagram for interpreting the possible link between warfare and elevated social positions within a Bell Beaker community
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Introduction
Archaeological background
Neolithization
The Early and Middle Neolithic periods
The Pre-Bell Beaker Final Neolithic period
Figure 1: a. A Corded Ware polished battle ax from near Hijken (Netherlands), from Wentlink (2020: Figure 5.14) (object from the Drent Museum collection in Assen); b. Example Bell Beaker stone wristguards, including a roughout (left), from the Eastern com
The Bell Beaker period
Figure 2: Distribution map of bell beakers throughout Europe, from Besse (2015: Figure 1)
Figure 3: The common Bell Beaker grave goods ensemble in Moravia (Czechia), including metal objects (needles, awls, earrings, hair ornaments), v-shaped buttons, daggers, bow-shaped pendants, arrowheads, stone wristguards, and arrow shaft smoothers, from D
Part 1: Neolithic warfare
During the Neolithic period
Anthropological evidence
Figure 4: Geomagnetic survey of the Austrian site of Schletz showing a double enclosure where several skeletons were found, from Lenneis (2001: Figure 7)
Figure 5: The LBK ditch burial at Schöneck-Kilianstädten (Germany), from Meyer et al. (2015: Figure 1)
Table 1: Examples of violent deaths identified on European Neolithic skeletons
Fortifications
Figure 6: Middle Neolithic enclosure around a settlement at Bucany (Slovakia). Image adapted from Pažinová (2007: Figure 1); original drawing from Bujna and Romsauer (1986: Figure 2)
Table 2: Examples of fortification sites throughout Europe during the Neolithic period
Imagery
Figure 7: Battle image from El Cingle de la Mola Remigia (Spain), including what seems to be an arriving group (or phalanx) of 5 individuals, 4 of whom appear to be men due to the visible detailing of a penis, image adapted from Nash (2005: Figures 1b and
Horses: domestication and riding
Table 3: Examples of Levantine cave paintings depicting scenes of violence and an additional example from France
Weapons
Figure 8: The lithic assemblage found with Ötzi (Italy, second half of the 4th millennium BC); a: dagger, b: endscraper, c: borer, d-e: arrowheads, f: small flake, from Wierer et al. (2018: Figure 1)
Bows
Figure 9: An example of a Neolithic long bow recovered from the Schnidejoch passage (Alps), from Hafner (2012: Figure 7)
Arrows
Figure 10: Examples of early transverse arrowheads (Dordogne, France), from Cheynier (1946: page 209)
During the Bell Beaker period
Figure 11: A summary of the findings from Lemercier (2011). The pie chart on the left shows burials with and without a weapon; the middle chart shows burials with archery-related items; the right chart shows the number of graves with wristguards, arrowhea
Figure 12: Arrowhead lodged in vertebrae (case 7) at San Juan ante Portam Latinam (Spain), from Soriano et al. (2015: Figure 9), original photo from Etxeberría and Herrasti (2007: Figure 66)
Anthropological evidence
Table 4: Examples of violent deaths dated to the Bell Beaker period
Fortifications
Figure 13: Bell Beaker fortification sites from the Iberian Peninsula, images from Cardoso (2008: Figures
4 and 1 respectively);
a. Vila Nova de São Pedro (Portugal); b. Leceia (Portugal)
Imagery
Figure 14: Examples of types A and B stelae from the Petit-Chasseur site (Switzerland), from
Corboud (2009: Figures 21 and 44 respectively) ; a. Type A, stele 2 ; b. Type B, stele 18
Table 5: Stelae from the Petit-Chasseur site (Switzerland) with depictions of daggers, axes, and bows and arrows (Corboud 2009)
Bow-shaped pendants
Figure 15: The three classified groups of decorated bow-shaped pendants, from Heyd (2000: Figure 79)
Weapons
Figure 16: Copper knives/daggers from the Amesbury Archer burial (United Kingdom) before conservation, from Fitzpatrick (2011: Plate 40)
Bows
Figure 17: Battle scene from Les Dogues (Spain, date unconfirmed) with what appear to be composite bows (circled), image adapted from Nash (2005: Figure 3), original from Ripoll Perello (1963)
Figure 18: A reconstruction of child burial grave 1 from Landau-Südost (Germany) with a hypothesized bow placement, from Heyd (2007: Figure 15)
Arrows
Figure 19: Bell Beaker flint arrowheads from the Amesbury Archer burial in England (top) and burial 2 from Stehelčeves III in Czechia (bottom; includes both arrowheads with a hollow base and rough-outs), from Nicolas (2019: Figure 1)
Figure 20: Artifacts making up an ‘arrow maker’s’ kit found at Vorbasse 2a, Ribe, Denmark; Objects include: arrowheads, rough-outs, sandstone arrow shaft smoothers, dagger, scraper; from Nicolas (2019: Figure 3)
Wristguards
Figure 21: Classifications of Bell Beaker wristguards based on the original typology by Sangmeister (1974); a. Examples of wristguards from the Western Bell Beaker complex (top) and the Eastern Bell Beaker Complex (bottom), from Nicolas (2019: Figure 6) ;
A glance at Bronze Age warfare
Figure 22: A flint sword from Abydos Umm el-Qaab (Egypt) measuring 72 cm and dating to 3300-2900 BC, from Klimscha (2018: Figure 7.8)
Part 2: Neolithic social organization
Specialization
Figure 23: Schema portraying specialization as it relates to this study and how it can be used to interpret Bell Beaker social stratification
Figure 24: A typology of production from specialization based on the four primary parameters listed above, from Bostyn (2018: Figure 1.1), originally adapted from Costin (1991: Table 1-1)
Table 6: Examples of Bell Beaker child burials with an archer/warrior context
The problem of child burials
Social hierarchy
Early indications and genetic evidence
Structures and metalworks
Figure 25: An illustration of the appearance and possible hierarchy of Bell Beaker grave goods in Bavaria (Germany), from Heyd (2007: Figure 13)
Examples from Bulgaria
A return to warfare
Part 3: The anthropological connection
The anthropological study
The Bell Beaker skeletal collection
Figure 26: Map of Austria with the sites studied
Figure 27: Map of Czechia with the sites studied
Figure 28: Map of Germany with the sites studied
Table 7: Suspected Bell Beaker archers (A) ; asterisk(*) = wristguard present
Table 8: Non-suspected Bell Beaker archers (N)
Traumas
Table 9: Individuals with signs of traumas identified by the author as well as studied by Farkašová (2011); an asterisk (*) indicates that the individual is a suspected archer
The suspected archers and their contexts
Figure 29: The number of archer burials with and without a wristguard
Table 10: Archery contexts for suspected archers; Females (F) and sex not-determined (ND) appear at
the bottom of the table
Figure 30: The contexts of the burials with a wristguard
Figure 31: The contexts for the burials without a wristguard
Figure 32: The contexts of burials with a dagger and an archery-related item
Results summary
Interpretations at the population level
Interpretations at the individual level
The anthropological results within an archaeological framework
Burial contexts
Bell Beaker society
Figure 33: The relationship between burial context and an anthropological archer occupation classification
Figure 34: Diagram for interpreting potential societal value of specialized archery
Figure 35: Diagram for interpreting the function of wristguards and archery
Figure 36: The \"war side\" of the Standard of Ur, image available from the British Museum, www.britishmuseum.org, list number 121201
Figure 37: Diagram for interpreting the possible link between warfare and elevated social positions within a Bell Beaker community
A note on sex and sexism in archaeology
Closing remarks
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
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