دانلود کتاب Practicing R for Statistical Computing

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1 R Language: Introduction
1.1 R Introduction
1.2 R and S: History and Background
1.3 The R Foundation
1.4 What Is CRAN?
1.5 R-Forge
1.6 Why R Language?
1.6.1 What Does R Do?
1.7 R Packages: An Introduction
Bibliography
2 Obtaining and Installing R Language
2.1 Downloading and Installation of R
2.1.1 Running R
2.1.2 The R User Interface or Layout
2.1.3 Updating the R Installation
2.1.4 Accessing Available Data in R Packages
2.1.5 Choosing Repositories
2.1.6 Setting a Default CRAN Mirror
2.2 Managing Directories
2.3 R Session
2.4 Workspace
2.5 Command History
Bibliography
3 Using R as a Calculator
3.1 Computing Mathematical Expression in R
3.2 Basic Algebraic Expressions
3.3 Assigning Values to Variables
3.3.1 Rules for Naming a Variable
3.4 Logical Expressions
3.4.1 [basicstyle=]xor(x, Y) Exclusive OR
3.4.2 [basicstyle=]isTRUE(x)
3.5 Built-in Mathematical Functions
3.6 Built-in Constants
Bibliography
4 Data Mode and Data Structure
4.1 Mode: Physical Type
4.2 Class: Abstract Type
4.2.1 Numeric
4.2.2 Integer
4.2.3 Complex
4.2.4 Logical
4.2.5 Character
4.2.6 Date and Time
4.3 Data Structure
4.3.1 Vectors
4.3.2 Matrix
4.3.3 Factors
4.3.4 Data Frame
4.3.5 List
4.3.6 Arrays
4.4 Functions for Rounding of Numbers
Bibliography
5 Working with Data
5.1 Entering Data Within R
5.2 Saving and Loading Data
5.2.1 Loading Data
5.2.2 Saving Data
5.3 Editing Data
5.4 Importing from External Files
5.5 Importing Data from Different Software
5.6 Importing Data from Excel Files
5.7 Listing Variables
5.8 Exporting Data
5.9 Preparing and Managing Data
5.9.1 Appending Observations to a Data Set
5.9.2 Combining Data Sets
5.9.3 Converting Mode of Data and Structured Data Type
5.9.4 Binning Data
5.9.5 Subsetting
5.10 Data Cleaning
5.10.1 Checking Structure of Data
5.10.2 Checking Variables Names
5.10.3 Checking Missing/ Null Values
5.10.4 Imputing the Missing Values
5.10.5 Checking Data Type of a Variable
5.10.6 Removing Extra Spaces
5.10.7 Removing Duplicate Rows
5.10.8 Deleting Variables or Functions
5.11 Generating Data
5.11.1 Generating Numeric Sequences
5.11.2 Generating Factors
5.11.3 Generating Repetitions Patterns
5.12 Recycling Rule
5.13 Performing Vector Arithmetic
5.13.1 Some Basic Statistical Functions
Bibliography
6 Descriptive Statistics
6.1 Summary Statistics for Ungroup Data
6.1.1 Measures of Location
6.1.2 Measures of Position
6.1.3 Measures of Dispersion
6.2 Summary Statistics by Groups
6.2.1 Using [basicstyle=]tapply() Function
6.2.2 Using [basicstyle=]aggregate() Function
6.2.3 Using [basicstyle=]by() Function
6.2.4 Using [basicstyle=]describeBy() Function
6.3 Graphical Representation of Group Data
6.3.1 Bar Chart
6.3.2 Cluster/Stacked Bar Chart
6.3.3 Pie Chart
6.3.4 Histogram
6.3.5 Boxplot
6.3.6 Stem and Leaf Display
6.3.7 Q-Q plot
6.3.8 Scatter Plot
Bibliography
7 Probability and Probability Distributions
7.1 Generating Sample Spaces
7.1.1 Extracting Event from Sample Space
7.1.2 Union, Intersection, Difference, and Compliment of Sets
7.1.3 Counting: Permutation and Combination
7.1.4 Generating Combination
7.2 Computing Probability
7.2.1 Conditional Probability
7.2.2 Independent Events
7.2.3 Bayes\' Rule
7.3 Random Variable
7.3.1 Marginal Distributions
7.3.2 Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable
7.4 Probability Distributions
7.4.1 Computing p-Value
7.4.2 Discrete Distributions
7.4.3 Continuous Distributions
7.4.4 The distr Package
7.4.5 The distrEx Package
7.5 Examining the Distribution of Univariate Data Set
Bibliography
8 Confidence Intervals and Comparison Tests
8.1 Confidence Intervals
8.1.1 CI for Means
8.1.2 CI for Proportion
8.1.3 CI for Variance
8.1.4 CI for Differences Between Means
8.2 Hypothesis Testing
8.2.1 One-Sample t-Test
8.2.2 Two-Sample t-Test
8.2.3 Paired Sample t-Test
8.2.4 Two-Sample Proportion Test
8.2.5 One-Way Analysis of Variance
8.2.6 The Chi-Squared Test
8.2.7 Effect Size
Bibliography
9 Correlation and Regression Analysis
9.1 Covariance, Correlation, and Testing
9.2 Defining Statistical Models in R
9.3 Linear Models
9.3.1 Extracting Model Information
9.3.2 Updating Fitted Model
9.3.3 Comparing Models
9.3.4 Computing Durbin–Watson Value
9.3.5 Visualizing Regression Graphically
Bibliography
10 Graphing in R
10.1 Managing Graphics
10.1.1 Opening Several Graphical Devices
10.2 Partitioning a Graphic
10.3 High-level Graphical Functions
10.4 Low-level Plotting Commands
10.5 Interacting with Graphics
10.6 Adding Mathematical Expression on a Plot
10.7 Graphical Parameters
10.7.1 Graphical Elements
10.7.2 Axes and Tick Marks
10.7.3 Figure Margins
10.7.4 Multiple Figure Environment
10.8 A Detailed Example
10.9 The grid and lattice Package
10.9.1 Some Advance Examples
10.9.2 More on Panel Functions
10.10 The ggplot2 Package
Bibliography
11 Control Flow: Selection and Iteration
11.1 Selection Control Structure
11.1.1 [basicstyle=]if Statement
11.1.2 [basicstyle=]if Else Statement
11.1.3 [basicstyle=]if Else if Ladder
11.1.4 Nested [basicstyle=]if else Statement
11.1.5 Vectorized [basicstyle=]if
11.1.6 Switch Statement
11.2 Repetition/Loop
11.2.1 [basicstyle=]for Loop
11.2.2 [basicstyle=]while Loop
11.2.3 [basicstyle=]repeat Loop
Bibliography
12 Functions and R Resources
12.1 Some Important Functions
12.1.1 [basicstyle=]print() Function
12.1.2 [basicstyle=]cat() function
12.1.3 [basicstyle=]ls() function
12.1.4 [basicstyle=]split() Function
12.1.5 [basicstyle=]rm() Function
12.2 Useful Features of R
12.3 Literature on R
12.3.1 Manuals
12.3.2 Frequently Asked Questions
12.3.3 Online Resources
12.3.4 Mailing Lists
12.3.5 R News
12.3.6 Citing R in a Publication
Bibliography
13 Common Errors and Mistakes
13.1 Avoiding Common Mistakes
13.1.1 Difference in 1, l, i, I, 0, o, O, and |
13.1.2 Forgetting the Function Parenthesis
13.1.3 Forgetting double Backslashes
13.1.4 Space Between ``<\'\' and ``-\'\'
13.1.5 Incorrectly Expression Continuation on Next Line
13.1.6 Using Single Equal (``[basicstyle=]=\'\') Instead of Double Equal (``[basicstyle=]==\'\')
13.1.7 [basicstyle=]1:n+1 or [basicstyle=]1:(n+1)
13.1.8 Recycling Rule
13.1.9 Problem in Importing Data
13.1.10 Decimal Point/Comma Separation
13.1.11 Path and Directory Names
13.1.12 Use of [basicstyle=]attach() Function
13.2 Computations on Imported Data
13.2.1 Missing Argument
13.2.2 Data Argument
13.2.3 Cannot Open the Connection
13.3 Common Errors
13.3.1 Object Cannot be Coerced
13.3.2 x Must be Atomic for sort.list
13.3.3 Atomic Vectors and Recursive Objects
13.3.4 Could not Found Function
13.3.5 Object not Found
13.3.6 Missing Value where TRUE/FALSE Needed
13.3.7 Script Out of Bounds
13.3.8 Replacement has Length Zero
13.4 Mathematical Type Errors
13.4.1 Non-numeric Argument
13.4.2 Attempt to Apply Non-function
13.4.3 The log of Zero, Negative Number and Non-numeric
Bibliography
14 Functions for Better Programming
14.1 attach() Function
14.2 source() Function
14.3 sink() Function
14.4 str() Function
14.5 which() Function
14.6 all() Function
14.7 any() Function
14.8 split() Function
14.9 set.seed()
14.10 diff()
14.11 apply() Function
14.12 lapply() Function
14.13 tapply() Function
14.14 sapply() Function
14.15 mapply() Function
Bibliography
15 Some Useful Functions
15.1 Help
15.2 Objects Related Functions
15.3 Operators
15.4 Index Related Functions
15.5 Matrix Related Functions
15.6 Constants in R
15.7 Data Related Functions
15.8 Function for Reading and Writing Data from/to External File
15.9 Character and String Functions
15.10 Rounding Functions
15.11 Mathematics Functions
15.12 Functions for Control Sequence and Loops
15.13 Graphical Functions
15.14 Date and Time Functions
15.15 Statistics Related Functions
15.16 Random Number, Sample and Probability
15.17 Correlation and Regression
15.18 Generalized Linear Models (GLM)
15.19 Transformation Functions
15.20 Time Series
15.21 Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models
15.22 Survival Analysis
Bibliography
16 Important Packages
16.1 Data Related
16.2 Basic Statistics Related
16.3 Graphics Related
16.4 Advance Statistics and Model Related
16.5 Miscellaneous Packages
Bibliography