دانلود کتاب Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease: Diet, Physical Activity and Healthy Aging

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Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface List of Contributors UNIT 1 Diet and Physical Activity as Determinants of Human Health CHAPTER 1 The Link between Sub-optimal Diet and Physical Inactivity with Non-communicable Diseases Introduction Sub-optimal Diet in Terms of Nutrients Low Dietary Fiber Intake High Dietary Sodium Intake High Saturated Fatty Acid Intake High Trans Fatty Acids Intake Sub-optimal Diet in Terms of Foods and Food Groups Low Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables Low Consumption of Whole-grain Products High Intake of Added/Free Sugar and Sweetened Beverages Foods and Food Groups Rich in Saturated Fatty Acids High Processed-meat Consumption Sub-optimal Diet in Terms of Dietary Patterns The Western Dietary Pattern Physical Inactivity Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 2 Lifestyle and Epigenetics Introduction Epigenetics Overview Epigenetics Definition Epigenetic Mechanisms Epigenetics and Disease Epidemiology The Barker Hypothesis Epigenetics in utero and Maternal Lifestyle Maternal Undernutrition Maternal Overnutrition Dietary Pattern as an Epigenetic Mark Epigenetics and Stress Psychological Stress Cigarette Smoking Alcohol Consumption Endocrine Disruptors Physical Activity and Epigenetic Alterations Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography CHAPTER 3 Healthy/Prudent Diets and Health Benefits in Adults Introduction A Healthy/Prudent Diet Definition Dietary Patterns that are Considered Healthy The Mediterranean-type Dietary Pattern Health Effects of the Mediterranean Diet All-cause and Disease-specific Mortality Cardiovascular Diseases Hypertension Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Dyslipidemia Obesity/Metabolic syndrome Cancer Healthy Aging The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Dietary Pattern Initial Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trials The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet Characteristics The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet Health Effects All-cause and Specific-cause Mortality Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus/Hyperglycemia Hyperlipidemia Cancer Chronic Kidney Disease The Healthy Nordic Dietary Pattern Health Effects of the Nordic Diet Chronic Disease Risk All-cause and Specific-cause Mortality Inflammation Physical Performance and Cognitive Health in Older Adults The Healthy Vegetarian-type Dietary Pattern Health Effects of the Healthy Vegetarian–type Dietary Pattern CVD Risk and Mortality Blood Pressure/Hypertension Type 2 Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome Cancer Considerations in Implementing a Healthy Vegetarian-type Dietary Pattern The Healthy US-style Dietary Pattern Effectiveness of Healthy/Prudent Dietary Patterns Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links UNIT 2 Basic Concepts of Physical Activity and Fitness CHAPTER 4 Definition of Fitness and Its Components Definition of Physical Fitness Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness Health-related Physical Fitness Components Cardiovascular or Cardiorespiratory Fitness Body Composition Muscular Fitness Muscular Strength Muscular Endurance Muscular Endurance Versus Aerobic Endurance Flexibility Skill-Related Physical Fitness Components Speed, Agility, Balance, Reaction Time, Power Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 5 Defining Physical Activity and Exercise Definition of Physical Activity and Exercise Quantifying the Intensity of Physical Activity Total Energy Expenditure Physical Activity Level Perceived Exertion (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale) Metabolic Equivalents of Task VO2max Percent of Maximum Heart Rate Heart Rate Reserve Method (Karvonen Method) VO2 Reserve Method Exercise Duration Exercise Frequency Exercise Volume Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 6 Implications and Health Benefits of Physical Activity in Adults Introduction Physical Activity and Inactivity Estimations Worldwide Sedentary Behavior Premature All-cause Mortality Health Impact of Physical Activity Physical Activity Guidelines Interventions to Increase Physical Activity Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links UNIT 3 Determinants of Healthy Aging CHAPTER 7 Healthy Aging: Definition and Scope Introduction Overview of the Aging Process Biology of Aging Early Concepts of Healthy Aging The Concept of Successful Aging Healthy Aging Definition Life-course Approach to Healthy Aging Special Considerations Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography CHAPTER 8 The Interface Between Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Disease Introduction Overview of Longevity The Longevity Boom Sex Differences Geographical Longevity Clusters Overview of the Concepts of Morbidity and Mortality Longevity as a Healthy Aging Model Are the Long Lived, Healthy Lived? The Heritability of Longevity and Healthy Aging Epigenetic Mechanisms and Longevity How to Achieve a Healthy and Long Life Span Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 9 Physiological Changes in Multiple Organ Systems Through Aging: Measuring and Monitoring Aging Introduction Physiological Changes in Multiple Organ Systems Through Aging Cardiovascular Pulmonary Immune System Neurologic Function Musculoskeletal System Sarcopenia Frailty Measurements Hand-grip Strength Gait Speed Balance Assessment Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) Test 30-second Chair Stand Four-stage Balance Test Complex Balance Measures Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Functionality Assessment Tools: Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Assessment Tools ADL Assessment Tool: Barthel Index ADL Assessment Tool: Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) ADL Assessment Tool: Functional Independence Measure (FIM) IADL Assessment Tool: ADL Profile Instrumental (IADL) IADL Assessment Tool: Lawton Instrumental ADL Scale IADL Assessment Tool: Performance Assessment of Self-care Skills (PASS) Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 10 The Role of Plant-based Diets on Healthy Aging Introduction The Role of Macronutrients in Healthy Aging Protein Carbohydrates Fat Intake Plant-based Diets Plant Polyphenols The Mediterranean Diet The Nordic Diet Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet The Okinawan Diet Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 11 Physical Activity as a Determinant of Healthy Aging Introduction Physical Inactivity Physical Activity as a Determinant of Healthy Aging Cardiovascular Health Immune System Cognitive Function Musculoskeletal Health Physical Activity and Sarcopenia Physical Activity and Frailty The VIVIFRAIL Exercise Protocol Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography UNIT 4 Cardiovascular Health, Diet, and Physical Activity CHAPTER 12 Heart Failure Introduction Definition Classification Prevalence Clinical Conditions Associated with Heart Failure Obesity Obesity Paradox Malnutrition and Sarcopenia Heart Failure Patients Diabetes and Heart Failure Heart Failure in Older Adults Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Heart Failure Therapeutic Management of Heart Failure Lifestyle Factors and Heart Failure Body Weight and Caloric Restriction Nutrition and Dietary Approaches Sodium Restriction Fluid Restriction Dietary Patterns DASH Diet Mediterranean Diet Nutritional Supplements Thiamine Supplementation Iron Supplementation Essential Amino Acids Supplementation Omega-3 Poly-unsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Physical Activity and Exercise for Heart Failure Prevention and Therapy Physical Activity and Heart Failure Physical Inactivity and Heart Failure Exercise Training in Heart Failure Intensity of Exercise in Patients with Heart Failure Type of Exercise in Patients with Heart Failure Tailored Exercise Advice in Patients with Heart Failure Key Points Self-assessment Questions Case Scenario References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 13 Atrial/Flutter Fibrillation Definition Prevalence Etiology Complications Management Nutrition in Atrial Fibrillation Physical Activity and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Exercise Training and Atrial Fibrillation Management Physical Activity Recommendations Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 14 Endothelial Function Introduction Endothelial Dysfunction Description Assessment Management Nutrition and Endothelial Function Obesity and Weight Loss Nutrients and Foods Dietary Patterns Physical Activity and Endothelial Function Exercise Training and Endothelial Function Vasodilation Oxidative Stress Fibrinolysis Angiogenesis Inflammation Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Link UNIT 5 Cardio-metabolic Health, Diet, and Physical Activity CHAPTER 15 Diabetes Mellitus Definition Epidemiology Types of Diabetes Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Prediabetes Complications Heart Disease and Stroke High Blood Pressure Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Kidney Disease Diabetic Neuropathy Amputations Dental Disease Complications of Pregnancy Other Complications Physiology and Pathophysiology Physical Inactivity/Sedentary Behavior and Diabetes Mellitus Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus and Mortality Prevention or Delay of Diabetes Mellitus Non-pharmacological Management of Diabetes Mellitus Nutrition-based Interventions Nutrition Interventions for Older Adults with Diabetes Physiology of Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes Physiology of Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes Benefits of Physical Activity Benefits of Reducing Sedentary Time Exercise-based Interventions Nutrition and Exercise: Combined Interventions Exercise Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus Patients Key Points Self-assessment Questions References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 16 Hypertension Introduction Definition Prevalence Risk Factors Unhealthy/Poor Diets Sodium Intake Alcohol Intake Physical Inactivity Body-Mass Index/Obesity Co-morbidities and Complications Lifestyle Modifications for the Prevention and Management of Hypertension Treatment Goals for Patients with Hypertension Dietary Strategies to Prevent and Manage Hypertension Weight Loss Sodium Restriction Potassium Intake Magnesium Intake Calcium Intake Omega-3 Fatty Acids Caffeine Alcohol Dietary Patterns DASH Diet Mediterranean Diet Vegetarian Diets Nordic Diet Physical Activity, Fitness, and Hypertension Physical Activity Guidelines for Hypertension Nutrition and Exercise: Combined Interventions Other strategies Key Points Self-assessment Questions Case Scenario References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 17 Dyslipidemia Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Risk Factors Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Preventing ASCVD Management Diet DASH Diet Mediterranean Diet Physical Activity and Exercise Training Role on Blood Lipids Physical-activity Recommendations Total Cholesterol Triglycerides Low-density Lipoprotein-cholesterol High-density Lipoprotein-cholesterol Type of Exercise Training and Blood Lipids Intensity of Training and Blood Lipids Dyslipidemia in Older adults: The Role of Physical Activity and Diet Key Points Self-assessment Questions Case Scenario References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 18 Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Introduction Definition, Assessment, and Classification of Obesity Epidemiology of Obesity Pathogenesis of Obesity Complications and Co-morbidities of Obesity Obesity Paradox Metabolically Healthy Obesity Prevention of Obesity Early Strategies Healthy Weight Dietary Sugar Dietary Patterns Physical Activity Treatment of Obesity Goals Who Needs Weight Loss? Dietary Strategies Physical Activity and Obesity Nutrition and Exercise: Combined Interventions Pharmacotherapy and Bariatric Surgery Lifestyle Modifications During Weight-loss Maintenance Introduction to Metabolic Syndrome Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome Lifestyle and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome Diet Physical Activity Management of Metabolic Syndrome Diet Physical Activity Exercise and Nutrition: Combined Intervention Recommendations Key Points Self-assessment Questions Case Scenario References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Introduction Diagnosis Prevalence Pathophysiology and Risk Factors Complications Management Nutrition in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diet as a Risk Factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Development and Progression Dietary Modifications for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Management Role of the Mediterranean Diet/Lifestyle in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Physical Activity, Fitness, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Exercise Training and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Management Key Points Self-assessment Questions Case Scenario References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 20 Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction Definition Prevalence Etiology Complications Management Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease Physical Activity, Fitness, and Chronic Kidney Disease Physical Activity and Fitness Status of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Physical Activity, Fitness, and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease Physical Activity, Fitness, and Mortality Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Exercise Training and Chronic Kidney Disease Management Physical Function Disease Progression Cardiovascular Risk Physical Activity Recommendations Key Points Self-assessment Questions Case Scenario References Further Reading Bibliography Links CHAPTER 21 Cancer Introduction Introduction Risk Factors Excess Body Fat Alcohol Red and Processed Meat Dietary Fiber, Whole Grains, Fruits, and Vegetables Calcium and Dairy Products Sugar-Sweetened Drinks, Fast and Ultra-processed Foods Dietary Patterns Dietary Supplements Sedentary Behavior Physical Activity Diet and Physical Activity Recommendations for Prevention Nutrition and Physical Activity in Patients Living With or Beyond Cancer Body Weight, Body Composition, and Physical Activity during Therapy Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity during Therapy Role in Prehabilitation for Surgery Role in Long-term Survivorship Key Points Self-assessment Questions Case Scenario References Further Reading Bibliography Links APPENDIX Answers to Self-assessment Questions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Abbreviations Glossary Index EULA