دانلود کتاب Principles of Biology

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Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
A Note about Principles of Biology . . .
Guiding You Through Principles of Biology
CONTENTS (with direct page links)
1. An Introduction to Biology
1.1 Principles of Biology and the Levels of Biological Organization
1.2 Unity and Diversity of Life
Evolutionary Connections: The Study of Evolution Allows Us to Appreciate the Unity and Diversity Among Different Species
1.3 Biology as a Scientific Discipline
Assess and Discuss
UNIT I: Chemistry
2. The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
2.1 Atoms
2.2 Chemical Bonds and Molecules
2.3 Chemical Reactions
2.4 Properties of Water
Quantitative Analysis: Concentrations of Molecules in Solution Can Be Defined by Mass and Moles
2.5 pH and Buffers
Assess and Discuss
3. The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules
3.1 The Carbon Atom and Carbon-Containing Molecules
3.2 Synthesis and Breakdown of Organic Molecules
3.3 Overview of the Four Major Classes of Organic Molecules Found in Living Cells
3.4 Carbohydrates
3.5 Lipids
3.6 Proteins
Feature Investigation: Anfinsen Showed That the Primary Structure of Ribonuclease Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure
Evolutionary Connections: Proteins Contain Functional Domains
3.7 Nucleic Acids
Assess and Discuss
UNIT II: Cells
4. Evolutionary Origin of Cells and Their General Features
4.1 Origin of Living Cells on Earth
4.2 Microscopy
4.3 Overview of Cell Structure and Function
4.4 The Cytosol
4.5 The Nucleus and Endomembrane System
4.6 Semiautonomous Organelles
Evolutionary Connections: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Derived from Ancient Symbiotic Relationships
4.7 Protein Sorting to Organelles
4.8 Extracellular Matrix and Plant Cell Walls
4.9 Systems Biology of Cells: A Summary
Assess and Discuss
5. Membranes: The Interface Between Cells and Their Environment
5.1 Membrane Structure
5.2 Fluidity of Membranes
5.3 Overview of Membrane Transport
5.4 Transport Proteins
Feature Investigation: Agre Discovered That Osmosis Occurs More Quickly in Cells with a Channel That Allows the Facilitated Diffusion of Water
5.5 Intercellular Channels
5.6 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
5.7 Cell Junctions
Assess and Discuss
6. How Cells Utilize Energy
6.1 Energy and Chemical Reactions
6.2 Enzymes
Quantitative Analysis: Enzyme Function Is Influenced by Substrate Concentration and by Inhibitors
6.3 Overview of Metabolism and Cellular Respiration
6.4 Glycolysis
6.5 Breakdown of Pyruvate
6.6 Citric Acid Cycle
6.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Feature Investigation: Yoshida and Kinosita Demonstrated That the γ Subunit of ATP Synthase Spins
6.8 Connections Among Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism
Assess and Discuss
7. How Cells Capture Light Energy via Photosynthesis
7.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
7.2 Reactions That Harness Light Energy
7.3 Molecular Features of Photosystems
7.4 Synthesizing Carbohydrates via the Calvin Cycle
Feature Investigation: The Calvin Cycle Was Determined by Isotope-Labeling Methods
7.5 Variations in Photosynthesis
Evolutionary Connections: C[sup(4)] and CAM Plants Have Evolved a Mechanism to Minimize Photorespiration
Assess and Discuss
8. How Cells Communicate with Each Other and with the Environment
8.1 General Features of Cell Communication
8.2 Receptor Activation
Quantitative Analysis: Receptors Have a Measurable Affinity for Their Ligands
8.3 Cell Surface Receptors
8.4 Intracellular Receptors
8.5 Signal Transduction and Cellular Response via an Enzyme-Linked Receptor
Evolutionary Connections: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Are Found in Choanoflagellates and Animals
8.6 Signal Transduction and Cellular Response via a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
Assess and Discuss
UNIT III: Genetics
9. The Information of Life: DNA and RNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure
9.1 Properties and Identification of the Genetic Material
Feature Investigation: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Used Purification Methods to Reveal That DNA Is the Genetic Material
9.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
9.3 Discovery of the Double-Helix Structure of DNA
9.4 Overview of DNA Replication
9.5 Molecular Mechanism of DNA Replication
9.6 Molecular Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Assess and Discuss
10. The Expression of Genetic Information via Genes I: Transcription and Translation
10.1 Overview of Gene Expression
10.2 Transcription
10.3 RNA Modifications in Eukaryotes
10.4 Translation and the Genetic Code
Feature Investigation: Nirenberg and Leder Found That RNA Triplets Can Promote the Binding of tRNA to Ribosomes
10.5 The Machinery of Translation
Evolutionary Connections: Comparisons of Small Subunit rRNAs Among Different Species Provide a Basis for Establishing Evolutionary Relationships
10.6 The Stages of Translation
Assess and Discuss
11. The Expression of Genetic Information via Genes II: Non-coding RNAs
11.1 Overview of Non-coding RNAs
11.2 Role of Non-coding RNAs in Eukaryotic DNA Replication
11.3 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Chromatin Structure and Transcription
11.4 Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Translation, mRNA Degradation, and RNA Modification
Feature Investigation: Fire and Mello Show That Double-Stranded RNA Is More Potent Than Antisense RNA at Silencing mRNA
11.5 Non-coding RNAs and Protein Targeting
11.6 Non-coding RNAs and Genome Defense
11.7 Role of Non-coding RNAs in Human Disease and Plant Health
Assess and Discuss
12. The Control of Genetic Information via Gene Regulation
12.1 Overview of Gene Regulation
12.2 Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
12.3 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Roles of Transcription Factors
12.4 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes: Changes in Chromatin Structure and DNA Methylation
12.5 Regulation of RNA Splicing and Translation in Eukaryotes
Quantitative Analysis: Alternative Splicing Is More Prevalent in Complex Eukaryotic Species
Assess and Discuss
13. Altering the Genetic Material: Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer
13.1 Consequences of Mutations
13.2 Causes of Mutations
Feature Investigation: The Lederbergs Used Replica Plating to Show That Mutations Are Random Events
Quantitative Analysis: Testing Methods Determine If an Agent Is a Mutagen
13.3 DNA Repair
13.4 Cancer
Assess and Discuss
14. How Eukaryotic Cells Sort and Transmit Chromosomes: Mitosis and Meiosis
14.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
14.2 Mitotic Cell Division
Evolutionary Connections: Cell Division in Bacteria Involves FtsZ, a Protein Related to Eukaryotic Tubulin
14.3 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Quantitative Analysis: Meiosis Enhances Genetic Diversity
14.4 Variation in Chromosome Structure and Number
Assess and Discuss
15. Transmission of Genetic Information from Parents to Offspring I: Patterns that Follow Mendel\'s Laws
15.1 Mendel\'s Laws of Inheritance
Quantitative Analysis: A Punnett Square Is Used to Predict the Outcome of Crosses
15.2 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
15.3 Pedigree Analysis of Human Traits
15.4 Variations in Inheritance Patterns and Their Molecular Basis
15.5 Sex Chromosomes and X-Linked Inheritance Patterns 3
Assess and Discuss
16. Transmission of Genetic Information from Parents to Offspring II: Epigenetics, Linkage, and Extranuclear Inheritance
16.1 Overview of Epigenetics
16.2 Epigenetics: Genomic Imprinting
16.3 Epigenetics: X-Chromosome Inactivation
16.4 Epigenetics: Effects of Environmental Agents
16.5 Extranuclear Inheritance: Organelle Genomes
Evolutionary Connections: Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes Are Relatively Small but Contain Genes That Encode Important Proteins
16.6 Linkage of Genes on the Same Chromosome
Feature Investigation: Bateson and Punnett\'s Crosses of Sweet Peas Showed That Genes Do Not Always Assort Independently
Assess and Discuss
17. The Simpler Genetic Systems of Viruses and Bacteria
17.1 Genetic Properties of Viruses
17.2 Genetic Properties of Bacteria
17.3 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria
Evolutionary Connections: Horizontal Gene Transfer Is the Transfer of Genes Between the Same or Different Species
Assess and Discuss
18. Genetic Technologies: How Biologists Study Genes and Genomes
18.1 Gene Cloning
Quantitative Analysis: A DNA Library Is a Collection of Many Different DNA Fragments Cloned into Vectors
18.2 Genomics: Techniques for Studying and Altering Genomes
18.3 Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes
18.4 Eukaryotic Genomes
Evolutionary Connections: Gene Duplications Provide Additional Material for Genome Evolution, Sometimes Leading to the Formation of Gene Families
18.5 Repetitive Sequences and Transposable Elements
Assess and Discuss
UNIT IV: Evolution
19. Evolution of Life I: How Populations Change from Generation to Generation
19.1 Overview of Evolution
19.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
19.3 Genes in Populations
Evolutionary Connections: Genes Are Usually Polymorphic
Quantitative Analysis: The Hardy-Weinberg Equation Relates Allele and Genotype Frequencies in a Population
19.4 Natural Selection
Feature Investigation: The Grants Observed Natural Selection in Galápagos Finches
19.5 Genetic Drift
19.6 Migration and Nonrandom Mating
Assess and Discuss
20. Evolution of Life II: The Emergence of New Species
20.1 Identification of Species
20.2 Reproductive Isolation
20.3 Mechanisms of Speciation
Feature Investigation: Podos Found That an Adaptation for Feeding May Have Promoted Reproductive Isolation in Finches
20.4 Evo-Devo: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Connections: The Hox Genes Have Been Important in the Evolution of a Variety of Body Patterns
Assess and Discuss
21. How Biologists Classify Species and Study Their Evolutionary Relationships
21.1 Taxonomy
Evolutionary Connections: Every Species Is Placed into a Taxonomic Hierarchy
21.2 Phylogenetic Trees
21.3 Cladistics
Quantitative Analysis: The Principle of Parsimony Is Used to Choose from Among Possible Cladograms
21.4 Molecular Clocks
21.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer
Assess and Discuss
22. The History of Life on Earth and Human Evolution
22.1 The Fossil Record
Quantitative Analysis: Radioisotopes Provide a Way to Date Fossils
22.2 History of Life on Earth
Evolutionary Connections: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Is Hypothesized to Involve a Union Between Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
22.3 Human Evolution
Evolutionary Connections: Comparing the Genomes of Humans and Chimpanzees
Assess and Discuss
UNIT V: Diversity
23. Diversity of Microbial Life: Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
23.1 Introduction to Microorganisms
23.2 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Archaea
23.3 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Bacteria
23.4 Diversity in Bacterial Cell Structure and Metabolism
23.5 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Protists
Evolutionary Connections: Primary Plastids and Primary Endosymbiosis
23.6 Diversity and Ecological Importance of Fungi
23.7 Technological Applications of Microorganisms
Assess and Discuss
24. Microbiomes: Microbial Systems on and Around Us
24.1 Microbiomes: Diversity of Microbes and Functions
24.2 Microbiomes of Physical Systems
24.3 Host-Associated Microbiomes
Feature Investigation: Blanton, Gordon, and Associates Found That Gut Microbiomes Affect the Growth of Malnourished Children
24.4 Engineering Animal and Plant Microbiomes
Assess and Discuss
25. Plant Evolution: How Plant Diversification Changed Planet Earth
25.1 Ancestry and Diversity of Land Plants
25.2 An Evolutionary History of Land Plants
25.3 Diversity of Modern Gymnosperms
25.4 Diversity of Modern Angiosperms
Evolutionary Connections: Flower Organs Evolved from Leaf like Structures
Feature Investigation: Hillig and Mahlberg Analyzed Secondary Metabolites to Explore Species Diversification in the Genus Cannabis
25.5 Human Influences on Angiosperm Diversification
Assess and Discuss
26. Invertebrates: The Vast Array of Animal Life Without a Backbone
26.1 Characteristics of Animals
26.2 Animal Classification
Evolutionary Connections: The Protostomes Consist of Two Major Clades—the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa
26.3 Ctenophores: The Earliest Animals
26.4 Porifera: The Sponges
26.5 Cnidaria: Jellyfish and Other Radially Symmetric Animals
26.6 Lophotrochozoa: The Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Mollusks, and Annelids
Quantitative Analysis: How Many Flukes?
26.7 Ecdysozoa: The Nematodes and Arthropods
26.8 Deuterostomia: The Echinoderms and Chordates
Assess and Discuss
27. Vertebrates: Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals
27.1 Vertebrates: Chordates with a Backbone
27.2 Gnathostomes: Jawed Vertebrates
27.3 Tetrapods: Gnathostomes with Four Limbs
Feature Investigation: Davis and Colleagues Provide a Genetic-Developmental Explanation for Limb Length in Tetrapods
27.4 Amniotes: Tetrapods with a Desiccation-Resistant Egg
27.5 Mammals: Milk-Producing Amniotes
Assess and Discuss
UNIT VI: Flowering Plants
28. An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function
28.1 From Seed to Seed: The Life of a Flowering Plant
28.2 Plant Growth and Development
28.3 The Shoot System: Stem and Leaf Adaptations
Feature Investigation: Lawren Sack and Colleagues Showed That Palmate Venation Confers Tolerance of Leaf Vein Breakage
28.4 Root System Adaptations
Assess and Discuss
29. How Flowering Plants Sense and Interact with Their Environments
29.1 Overview of Plant Behavioral Responses
29.2 Plant Hormones
Evolutionary Connections: Plant Gibberellin Responses Evolved in a Stepwise Manner
29.3 Plant Responses to Light
29.4 Plant Responses to Gravity and Touch
29.5 Plant Responses to Attack
Assess and Discuss
30. How Flowering Plants Obtain and Transport Nutrients
30.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
30.2 The Roles of Soil in Plant Nutrition
30.3 Transport at the Cellular Level
Quantitative Analysis: The Water Potential Equation Can Be Used to Predict Cellular Water Status
Evolutionary Connections: Relative Water Content Measurements Reveal Plant Adaptation to Water Stress
30.4 Plant Transport at the Tissue Level
30.5 Long-Distance Transport in Plants
Assess and Discuss
31. How Flowering Plants Reproduce and Develop
31.1 An Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
31.2 Flower Production, Structure, and Development
Feature Investigation: Liang and Mahadevan Used Time-Lapse Video and Mathematical Modeling to Explain How Flowers Bloom
31.3 Male and Female Gametophytes and Double Fertilization
31.4 Embryo, Seed, Fruit, and Seedling Development
31.5 Asexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Evolutionary Connections: The Evolution of Plantlet Production in Kalanchoë
Assess and Discuss
UNIT VII: Animals
32. General Features of Animal Bodies, and Homeostasis as a Key Principle of Animal Biology
32.1 Organization of Animal Bodies
Evolutionary Connections: Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by Hox Genes
32.2 The Relationship Between Form and Function
32.3 Homeostasis
32.4 Homeostatic Regulation of Body Temperature
32.5 Principles of Homeostasis of Internal Fluids
Feature Investigation: Cade and Colleagues Discovered Why Athletes\' Performances Wane on Hot Days
Assess and Discuss
33. Neuroscience I: The Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems
33.1 Cellular Components of Nervous Systems
33.2 Electrical Properties of Neurons and the Resting Membrane Potential
Quantitative Analysis: An Ion\'s Equilibrium Potential Depends on Its Concentration Gradient
33.3 Generation and Transmission of Electrical Signals Along Neurons
33.4 Communication at Synapses
33.5 The Evolution and Development of Nervous Systems
33.6 Structure and Function of the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Vertebrates
Feature Investigation: Gaser and Schlaug Showed That the Sizes of Certain Brain Structures Differ Between Musicians and Nonmusicians
33.7 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
34. Neuroscience II: How Sensory Systems Allow Animals to Interact with the Environment
34.1 Introduction to Sensation
34.2 Mechanoreception
34.3 Thermoreception and Nociception
34.4 Photoreception
Evolutionary Connections: Color Vision Is an Ancient Adaptation in Animals
34.5 Chemoreception
Feature Investigation: Buck and Axel Discovered a Family of Olfactory Receptor Proteins That Bind Specific Odor Molecules
34.6 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
35. How Muscles and Skeletons Are Adaptations for Movement, Support, and Protection
35.1 Types of Animal Skeletons
35.2 Skeletal Muscle Structure and the Mechanism of Force Generation
Evolutionary Connections: Did an Ancient Mutation in Myosin Play a Role in the Development of the Human Brain?
35.3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Their Functions
35.4 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
36. Circulatory and Respiratory Systems: Transporting Solutes and Exchanging Gases
36.1 Types of Circulatory Systems
Evolutionary Connections: A Four-Chambered Heart Evolved from Simple Contractile Tubes
36.2 The Composition of Blood
36.3 The Vertebrate Heart and Its Function
36.4 Blood Vessels
36.5 Relationship Among Blood Pressure, Blood Flow, and Resistance
Quantitative Analysis: Cardiac Output and Resistance Determine Blood Pressure
36.6 Physical Properties of Gases
36.7 Types of Respiratory Systems
36.8 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Respiratory System
36.9 Mechanisms of Gas Transport in Blood
Quantitative Analysis: The Ability of Hemoglobin to Bind Oxygen is Decreased by Factors Such as Temperature, CO[sup(2)], and pH
36.10 Control of Ventilation
36.11 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
37. Digestive and Excretory Systems Help Maintain Nutrient, Water, and Energy Balance and Remove Waste Products from Animal Bodies
37.1 Overview of Animal Nutrition
37.2 General Principles of Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
37.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems
Evolutionary Connections: Genetics Explains Lactose Intolerance
37.4 Nutrient Use and Storage
37.5 Regulation of the Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
37.6 Excretory Systems in Different Animal Groups
37.7 Structure and Function of the Mammalian Kidneys
37.8 Impact on Public Health
Feature Investigation: Barry Marshall, Robin Warren, and Coworkers Demonstrated a Link Between Bacterial Infection and Ulcers
Assess and Discuss
38. How Endocrine Systems Influence the Activities of All Other Organ Systems
38.1 Types of Hormones and Their Mechanisms of Action
38.2 Links Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
38.3 Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance
Feature Investigation: Banting, Best, Collip, and MacLeod Were the First to Isolate Active Insulin
38.4 Hormonal Control of Mineral Balance
Evolutionary Connections: Hormones and Receptors Evolved as Tightly Integrated Molecular Systems
38.5 Hormonal Control of Growth and Development
38.6 Hormonal Control of Reproduction
38.7 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
39. The Production of Offspring: Reproduction and Development
39.1 Overview of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Feature Investigation: Paland and Lynch Provided Evidence That Sexual Reproduction May Promote the Elimination of Harmful Mutations in Populations
39.2 Gametogenesis and Fertilization
39.3 Human Reproductive Structure and Function
39.4 Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals
Evolutionary Connections: The Evolution of the Globin Gene Family Has Been Important for Internal Gestation in Mammals
39.5 General Events of Embryonic Development
39.6 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
40. Immune Systems: How Animals Defend Against Pathogens and Other Dangers
40.1 Types of Pathogens
40.2 Innate Immunity
Evolutionary Connections: Innate Immune Responses Require Proteins That Recognize Features of Many Pathogens
Feature Investigation: Lemaitre and Colleagues Identify an Immune Function for Toll Protein in Drosophila
40.3 Acquired Immunity
40.4 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
41. Integrated Responses of Animal Organ Systems to a Challenge to Homeostasis
41.1 Effects of Hemorrhage on Blood Pressure and Organ Function
41.2 The Rapid Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
41.3 The Secondary Phase of the Homeostatic Response to Hemorrhage
41.4 Impact on Public Health
Assess and Discuss
UNIT VIII: Ecology
42. Behavioral Ecology: The Struggle to Find Food and Mates and to Pass on Genes
42.1 The Influence of Genetics and Learning on Behavior
Feature Investigation: Tinbergen\'s Experiments Show That Digger Wasps Learn the Positions of Landmarks to Find Their Nests
42.2 Communication
42.3 Living in Groups and Optimality Theory
Quantitative Analysis: Game Theory Establishes Whether Individuals Fight or Flee
42.4 Altruism
42.5 Mating Behavior
Assess and Discuss
43. Population Growth and Species Interactions
43.1 Measuring Population Size and Density
Quantitative Analysis: Mark-Recapture Can Be Used to Estimate Population Size
43.2 Demography
43.3 How Populations Grow
43.4 Species Interactions
Evolutionary Connections: Organisms Have Evolved Many Defenses Against Natural Enemies
Assess and Discuss
44. Communities and Ecosystems: Ecological Organization at Large Scales
44.1 Patterns of Species Richness and Species Diversity
Quantitative Analysis: Calculating Species Diversity
44.2 Species Diversity and Community Stability
44.3 Succession: Community Change
44.4 Island Biogeography
Feature Investigation: Simberloff and Wilson\'s Experiments Tested the Predictions of the Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography
44.5 Food Webs and Energy Flow
44.6 Biomass Production in Ecosystems
Assess and Discuss
45. How Climate Affects the Distribution of Species on Earth
45.1 Climate
45.2 Major Biomes
Evolutionary Connections: Continental Drift and Biogeography Help Explain Species Distributions
Assess and Discuss
46. The Age of Humans
46.1 Human Population Growth
46.2 Global Warming and Climate Change
46.3 Pollution and Human Influences on Biogeochemical Cycles
Feature Investigation: Stiling and Drake\'s Experiments with Elevated CO[sub(2)] Showed an Increase in Plant Growth but a Decrease in Herbivory
46.4 Pollution and Biomagnification
46.5 Habitat Destruction
46.6 Overexploitation
Quantitative Analysis: Ecologists Make Calculations to Determine If Overexploitation Is Occurring
46.7 Invasive Species
Assess and Discuss
47. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
47.1 Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity
47.2 Value of Biodiversity to Human Welfare
47.3 Conservation Strategies
Assess and Discuss
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix B: Answers to In-Chapter and End-of-Chapter Questions
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08 - 09
10
11 - 12
13
14
15 - 16
17 - 18
19
20
21 - 22
23
24 - 25
26
27
28 - 29
30 - 31
32
33
34
35 - 36
37
38 - 39
40
41 - 42
43 - 44
45
46 - 47
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q - R
S
T
U
V
W
X - Y - Z