دانلود کتاب Principles of Economics

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Cover......Page 1
About the Author......Page 8
Preface: To the Instructor......Page 9
Brief Contents......Page 21
Contents......Page 22
Preface: To the Student......Page 35
Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics......Page 38
1-1 How People Make Decisions......Page 39
1-2 How People Interact......Page 43
1-3 How the Economy as a Whole Works......Page 48
1-4 Conclusion......Page 50
Problems and Applications......Page 51
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 52
Chapter 2: Thinking Like an Economist......Page 54
2-1 The Economist as Scientist......Page 55
2-2 The Economist as Policy Adviser......Page 62
2-3 Why Economists Disagree......Page 66
2-4 Let\'s Get Going......Page 69
Questions for Review......Page 70
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 71
Appendix: Graphing: A Brief Review......Page 72
Chapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade......Page 82
3-1 A Parable for the Modern Economy......Page 83
3-2 Comparative Advantage: The Driving Force of Specialization......Page 87
3-3 Applications of Comparative Advantage......Page 91
3-4 Conclusion......Page 92
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 93
Questions for Review......Page 94
Problems and Applications......Page 95
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 96
Chapter 4: The Market Forces of Supply and Demand......Page 98
4-1 Markets and Competition......Page 99
4-2 Demand......Page 100
4-3 Supply......Page 106
4-4 Supply and Demand Together......Page 110
4-5 Conclusion: How Prices Allocate Resources......Page 118
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 119
Questions for Review......Page 120
Problems and Applications......Page 121
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 122
Chapter 5: Elasticity and Its Application......Page 124
5-1 The Elasticity of Demand......Page 125
5-2 The Elasticity of Supply......Page 134
5-3 Three Applications of Supply, Demand, and Elasticity......Page 137
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 143
Problems and Applications......Page 144
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 145
Chapter 6: Supply, Demand, and Government Policies......Page 146
6-1 Controls on Prices......Page 147
6-2 Taxes......Page 156
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 164
Problems and Applications......Page 165
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 167
Chapter 7: Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets......Page 168
7-1 Consumer Surplus......Page 169
7-2 Producer Surplus......Page 174
7-3 Market Efficiency......Page 178
7-4 Conclusion: Market Efficiency and Market Failure......Page 184
Key Concepts......Page 185
Problems and Applications......Page 186
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 187
Chapter 8: Application: The Costs of Taxation......Page 188
8-1 The Deadweight Loss of Taxation......Page 189
8-2 The Determinants of the Deadweight Loss......Page 194
8-3 Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue as Taxes Vary......Page 197
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 200
Problems and Applications......Page 201
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 202
Chapter 9: Application: International Trade......Page 204
9-1 The Determinants of Trade......Page 205
9-2 The Winners and Losers from Trade......Page 207
9-3 The Arguments for Restricting Trade......Page 215
9-4 Conclusion......Page 220
Key Concepts......Page 221
Problems and Applications......Page 222
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 223
Chapter 10: Externalities......Page 224
10-1 Externalities and Market Inefficiency......Page 226
10-2 Public Policies toward Externalities......Page 230
10-3 Private Solutions to Externalities......Page 238
10-4 Conclusion......Page 241
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 242
Problems and Applications......Page 243
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 244
Chapter 11: Public Goods and Common Resources......Page 246
11-1 The Different Kinds of Goods......Page 247
11-2 Public Goods......Page 249
11-3 Common Resources......Page 254
11-4 Conclusion: The Importance of Property Rights......Page 258
Questions for Review......Page 259
Problems and Applications......Page 260
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 261
Chapter 12: The Design of the Tax System......Page 262
12-1 An Overview of U.S. Taxation......Page 263
12-2 Taxes and Efficiency......Page 267
12-3 Taxes and Equity......Page 271
12-4 Conclusion: The Trade-Off between Equity and Efficiency......Page 276
Questions for Review......Page 277
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 278
Chapter 13: The Costs of Production......Page 280
13-1 What Are Costs?......Page 281
13-2 Production and Costs......Page 284
13-3 The Various Measures of Cost......Page 287
13-4 Costs in the Short Run and in the Long Run......Page 293
13-5 Conclusion......Page 295
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 296
Problems and Applications......Page 297
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 299
Chapter 14: Firms in Competitive Markets......Page 300
14-1 What Is a Competitive Market?......Page 301
14-2 Profit Maximization and the Competitive Firm\'s Supply Curve......Page 303
14-3 The Supply Curve in a Competitive Market......Page 313
14-4 Conclusion: Behind the Supply Curve......Page 318
Questions for Review......Page 319
Problems and Applications......Page 320
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 322
Chapter 15: Monopoly......Page 324
15-1 Why Monopolies Arise......Page 325
15-2 How Monopolies Make Production and Pricing Decisions......Page 328
15-3 The Welfare Cost of Monopolies......Page 336
15-4 Price Discrimination......Page 339
15-5 Public Policy toward Monopolies......Page 345
15-6 Conclusion: The Prevalence of Monopolies......Page 348
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 349
Problems and Applications......Page 350
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 353
Chapter 16: Monopolistic Competition......Page 354
16-1 Between Monopoly and Perfect Competition......Page 355
16-2 Competition with Differentiated Products......Page 357
16-3 Advertising......Page 363
16-4 Conclusion......Page 368
Problems and Applications......Page 369
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 370
Chapter 17: Oligopoly......Page 372
17-1 Markets with Only a Few Sellers......Page 373
17-2 The Economics of Cooperation......Page 378
17-3 Public Policy toward Oligopolies......Page 384
17-4 Conclusion......Page 390
Problems and Applications......Page 391
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 393
Chapter 18: The Markets for the Factors of Production......Page 394
18-1 The Demand for Labor......Page 395
18-2 The Supply of Labor......Page 401
18-3 Equilibrium in the Labor Market......Page 403
18-4 The Other Factors of Production: Land and Capital......Page 407
18-5 Conclusion......Page 411
Problems and Applications......Page 413
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 415
Chapter 19: Earnings and Discrimination......Page 416
19-1 Some Determinants of Equilibrium Wages......Page 417
19-2 The Economics of Discrimination......Page 424
19-3 Conclusion......Page 430
Questions for Review......Page 431
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 432
Chapter 20: Income Inequality and Poverty......Page 434
20-1 Measuring Inequality......Page 435
20-2 The Political Philosophy of Redistributing Income......Page 443
20-3 Policies to Reduce Poverty......Page 447
Key Concepts......Page 453
Problems and Applications......Page 454
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 455
Chapter 21: The Theory of Consumer Choice......Page 456
21-1 The Budget Constraint: What a Consumer Can Afford......Page 457
21-2 Preferences: What a Consumer Wants......Page 460
21-3 Optimization: What a Consumer Chooses......Page 465
21-4 Three Applications......Page 472
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 480
Problems and Applications......Page 481
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 482
Chapter 22: Frontiers of Microeconomics......Page 484
22-1 Asymmetric Information......Page 485
22-2 Political Economy......Page 490
22-3 Behavioral Economics......Page 495
Key Concepts......Page 501
Problems and Applications......Page 502
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 503
Chapter 23: Measuring a Nation\'s Income......Page 504
23-1 The Economy\'s Income and Expenditure......Page 505
23-2 The Measurement of GDP......Page 507
23-3 The Components of GDP......Page 510
23-4 Real versus Nominal GDP......Page 513
23-5 Is GDP a Good Measure of Economic Well-Being?......Page 517
23-6 Conclusion......Page 520
Problems and Applications......Page 521
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 523
Chapter 24: Measuring the Cost of Living......Page 524
24-1 The Consumer Price Index......Page 525
24-2 Correcting Economic Variables for the Effects of Inflation......Page 531
24-3 Conclusion......Page 537
Questions for Review......Page 538
Problems and Applications......Page 539
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 540
Chapter 25: Production and Growth......Page 542
25-1 Economic Growth around the World......Page 543
25-2 Productivity: Its Role and Determinants......Page 545
25-3 Economic Growth and Public Policy......Page 550
25-4 Conclusion: The Importance of Long-Run Growth......Page 561
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 562
Problems and Applications......Page 563
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 564
Chapter 26: Saving, Investment, and the Financial System......Page 566
26-1 Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy......Page 567
26-2 Saving and Investment in the National Income Accounts......Page 571
26-3 The Market for Loanable Funds......Page 574
Key Concepts......Page 584
Problems and Applications......Page 585
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 586
Chapter 27: The Basic Tools of Finance......Page 588
27-1 Present Value: Measuring the Time Value of Money......Page 589
27-2 Managing Risk......Page 591
27-3 Asset Valuation......Page 596
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 600
Problems and Applications......Page 601
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 602
Chapter 28: Unemployment......Page 604
28-1 Identifying Unemployment......Page 605
28-2 Job Search......Page 613
28-3 Minimum-Wage Laws......Page 615
28-4 Unions and Collective Bargaining......Page 618
28-5 The Theory of Efficiency Wages......Page 620
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 623
Problems and Applications......Page 624
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 625
Chapter 29: The Monetary System......Page 626
29-1 The Meaning of Money......Page 627
29-2 The Federal Reserve System......Page 632
29-3 Banks and the Money Supply......Page 634
29-4 The Fed\'s Tools of Monetary Control......Page 639
29-5 Conclusion......Page 645
Questions for Review......Page 646
Problems and Applications......Page 647
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 648
Chapter 30: Money Growth and Inflation......Page 650
30-1 The Classical Theory of Inflation......Page 651
30-2 The Costs of Inflation......Page 663
30-3 Conclusion......Page 671
Questions for Review......Page 673
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 674
Chapter 31: Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts......Page 676
31-1 The International Flows of Goods and Capital......Page 677
31-2 The Prices for International Transactions: Real and Nominal Exchange Rates......Page 686
31-3 A First Theory of Exchange-Rate Determination: Purchasing-Power Parity......Page 689
31-4 Conclusion......Page 694
Problems and Applications......Page 695
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 696
Chapter 32: A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy......Page 698
32-1 Supply and Demand for Loanable Funds and for Foreign-Currency Exchange......Page 699
32-2 Equilibrium in the Open Economy......Page 704
32-3 How Policies and Events Affect an Open Economy......Page 707
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 717
Problems and Applications......Page 718
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 719
Chapter 33: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply......Page 720
33-1 Three Key Facts about Economic Fluctuations......Page 721
33-2 Explaining Short-Run Economic Fluctuations......Page 724
33-3 The Aggregate-Demand Curve......Page 726
33-4 The Aggregate-Supply Curve......Page 732
33-5 Two Causes of Economic Fluctuations......Page 741
33-6 Conclusion......Page 751
Key Concepts......Page 752
Problems and Applications......Page 753
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 754
Chapter 34: The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand......Page 756
34-1 How Monetary Policy Influences Aggregate Demand......Page 757
34-2 How Fiscal Policy Influences Aggregate Demand......Page 767
34-3 Using Policy to Stabilize the Economy......Page 773
Chapter in a Nutshell......Page 779
Problems and Applications......Page 780
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 781
Chapter 35: The Short-Run Trade-Off between Inflation and Unemployment......Page 782
35-1 The Phillips Curve......Page 783
35-2 Shifts in the Phillips Curve: The Role of Expectations......Page 786
35-3 Shifts in the Phillips Curve: The Role of Supply Shocks......Page 793
35-4 The Cost of Reducing Inflation......Page 796
Key Concepts......Page 803
Problems and Applications......Page 804
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 805
Chapter 36: Six Debates over Macroeconomic Policy......Page 806
36-1 Should Monetary and Fiscal Policymakers Try to Stabilize the Economy?......Page 807
36-2 Should the Government Fight Recessions with Spending Hikes Rather Than Tax Cuts?......Page 809
36-3 Should Monetary Policy Be Made by Rule Rather Than by Discretion?......Page 812
36-4 Should the Central Bank Aim for Zero Inflation?......Page 815
36-5 Should the Government Balance Its Budget?......Page 819
36-6 Should the Tax Laws Be Reformed to Encourage Saving?......Page 822
36-7 Conclusion......Page 824
Questions for Review......Page 825
QuickQuiz Answers......Page 826
Glossary......Page 828
Index......Page 836