دانلود کتاب Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)

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Preface to the Second Edition\nPreface to the First Edition\nTable of Contents\nOur Sponsors\nMembers of the Project Group\nFormer Members of the Project Group\nCorresponding Members of the Project Group\nMembers of the Drafting Committee\nList of Rapporteurs\nList of Translators\nPublications on the PEICL\nIntroduction\nPrinciples of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL): Rules\n Part One: Provisions Common to All Contracts Included in the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)\n Chapter One: Introductory Provisions\n Section One: Application of the PEICL\n Section Two: General Rules\n Section Three: Enforcement\n Chapter Two: Initial Stage and Duration of the Insurance Contract\n Section One: Applicant’s Pre-contractual Information Duty\n Section Two: Insurer’s Pre-contractual Duties\n Section Three: Conclusion of the Contract\n Section Four: Retroactive and Preliminary Cover\n Section Five: Insurance Policy\n Section Six: Duration of the Insurance Contract\n Section Seven: Post-contractual Information Duties of the Insurer\n Chapter Three: Insurance Intermediaries\n Chapter Four: The Risk Insured\n Section One: Precautionary Measures\n Section Two: Aggravation of Risk\n Section Three: Reduction of Risk\n Chapter Five: Insurance Premium\n Chapter Six: Insured Event\n Chapter Seven: Prescription\n Part Two: Provisions Common to Indemnity Insurance\n Chapter Eight: Sum Insured and Insured Value\n Chapter Nine: Entitlement to Indemnity\n Chapter Ten: Rights of Subrogation\n Chapter Eleven: Insured Persons other than the Policyholder\n Chapter Twelve: Insured Risk\n Part Three: Provisions Common to Insurance of Fixed Sums\n Chapter Thirteen: Admissibility\n Part Four: Liability Insurance\n Chapter Fourteen: General Liability Insurance\n Chapter Fifteen: Direct Claims and Direct Actions\n Chapter Sixteen: Compulsory Insurance\n Part Five: Life Insurance\n Chapter Seventeen: Special Provisions for Life Insurance\n Section One: Third Parties\n Section Two: Initial Stage and Duration of the Contract\n Section Three: Changes during the Contract Period\n Section Four: Relation to National Laws\n Section Five: Insured Event\n Section Six: Conversion and Surrender\n Part Six: Group Insurance\n Chapter Eighteen: Special Provisions for Group Insurance\n Section One: Group Insurance in General\n Section Two: Accessory Group Insurance\n Section Three: Elective Group Insurance\nPrinciples of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL): RulesComments and Notes\n Part One: Provisions Common to All Contracts Included in the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)\n Chapter One: Introductory Provisions\n Section One: Application of the PEICL\n Article 1:101 Substantive Scope of Application\n Comments\n Substantive Scope: Substantive Private Insurance Contract Law\n Mutual Insurance\n Social Insurance Law\n Law of Insurance Supervision and Other Public Law on Insurance\n International Insurance Contract Law (Conflict of Laws)\n Law of Insurance Intermediaries\n Marine Insurance\n Reinsurance\n Notes\n Application to Private Insurance Contracts\n Mutual Insurance\n Marine Insurance\n Reinsurance\n Other Specific Branches of Insurance\n Article 1:102 Optional Application\n Comments\n Basic Principle\n Legal Nature of Opting-in\n Priority over Confl ict Rules\n Domestic Insurance Contracts\n No Partial Choice\n Effect on Intermediaries\n Note\n Article 1:103 Mandatory Character\n Comments\n Focus on Mandatory Law\n Technique\n Notes\n Mandatory Acts\n Single Mandatory Provisions\n Minimum Protection Acts\n Single Minimum Protection Provisions\n Beneficiaries of Mandatory and Minimum Protection Rules\n Article 1:104 Interpretation\n Comments\n The Objective\n Interpretation and Development\n Textual Interpretation\n Context\n Good Faith and Fair Dealing\n Certainty in Contractual Relationships\n Uniform Application\n Protection of Policyholders\n Note\n Article 1:105 National Law and General Principles\n Comments\n Basic Principle\n Mandatory National Provisions\n Supervisory Law\n Internationally Mandatory Provisions\n Exceptional Recourse to Mandatory National Provisions\n Filling Gaps\n General Principles of Contract Law\n Note\n Section Two: General Rules\n Article 1:201 Insurance Contract\n Comments\n Insurance Contract (para. 1)\n Insured Event (para. 2)\n Indemnity Insurance (para. 3)\n Insurance of Fixed Sums (para. 4)\n Liability Insurance (para. 5)\n Life Insurance (para. 6)\n Group Insurances: Accessory Group Insurance, Elective Group Insurance ( paras. 7-9)\n Notes\n The Pros and Cons of Defi ning the Insurance Contract\n Standard Elements of Defi nitions of the Insurance Contract\n The Insurer’s Obligation\n Uncertain Event\n Definitions of Other Terms\n Article 1:202 Further Defi nitions\n Comments\n Introduction\n Insured (para. 1)\n Beneficiary (para. 2)\n Person at Risk (para. 3)\n Victim (para. 4)\n Insurance Agent (para. 5)\n Premium (para. 6)\n Contract Period (para. 7)\n Insurance Period (para. 8)\n Liability Period (para. 9)\n Compulsory Insurance (para. 10)\n Note\n Article 1:203 Language and Interpretation of Documents\n Comments\n Relationship to the Principles of European Contract Law\n Transparency\n Language of Documents\n Sanctions\n Notes\n Transparency\n Language\n In dubio contra stipulatorem\n Article 1:204 Receipt of Documents: Proof\n Comments\n Notes\n General Law of Evidence\n Specific Rules of Insurance Law\n Article 1:205 Form of Notice\n Comments\n Consensual and Formal Contracts\n Proof\n Notice\n Persons Favoured\n No Particular Form Being Required\n Notices by the Insurer\n Notes\n Community Law\n The Kind and Context of the Notice\n General Principle: No Formal Requirements\n An Example: Notice of an Insured Event\n Article 1:206 Imputed Knowledge\n Comments\n The Issues\n Imputation and Agency\n Persons Whose Knowledge May Be Imputed\n Notes\n General Law of Agency\n Specific Provisions for Insurance Contracts\n Knowledge of the Policyholder’s Agent\n When Policyholder and Insured are Not Identical\n Article 1:207 Non-Discrimination\n Comments\n Insurance and Differentiation\n Equal Treatment of Men and Women\n Non-Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality, Racial or Ethnic Origin\n Sanctions\n Burden of Proof\n Note\n Article 1:208 Genetic Tests\n Comments\n Background\n Scope of Application\n Subject of Prohibition (para. 1)\n Exceptions (para. 2)\n Section Three: Enforcement101\n Article 1:301 Injunctions\n Comments\n Enforcement of Mandatory Rules by Injunction\n Measures by Qualifi ed Entities\n Note\n Background in Community Law\n Article 1:302 Out-of-court Complaint and Redress Mechanisms\n Comments\n Out-of-court Complaint and Redress Mechanisms under National Law\n Relationship to the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law\n Note\n Chapter Two: Initial Stage and Duration of the Insurance Contract\n Section One: Applicant’s Pre-contractual Information Duty\n Article 2:101 Duty of Disclosure\n Comments\n Information Imbalance\n The Timing of the Duty\n Questionnaires\n Relative Knowledge\n Inside Knowledge: the Alter Ego\n Outside Knowledge: The Knowledge of Agents\n Enquiry or Investigation\n Notes\n Survey\n Duty of Spontaneous Disclosure\n Duty to Answer the Insurer’s Questions\n Approximation\n Article 2:102 Breach\n Comments\n Remedies Available to Insurers\n Termination (Article 2:102 paras. 2 (second sentence), 3 and 4)\n Variation (Article 2:102 para. 2)\n Notice (Article 2:102 para. 2)\n Discharge (Article 2:102 para. 5)\n Notes\n The All-or-Nothing Principle\n The Proportional Reduction of the Insurance Money\n Approximation\n Innocent Breach\n Article 2:103 Exceptions\n Comments\n Unanswered Questions\n Immaterial Information\n The Reasonable Insurer\n Waiver\n Information Known to Insurers\n Effects of the Exceptions\n Notes\n Obvious Defects of the Policyholder’s Answer, Article 2:103(a)\n Immaterial Information, Article 2:103(b)\n The Insurer’s Knowledge and Behaviour, Article 2:103(c) and (d)\n Article 2:104 Fraudulent Breach\n Comments\n The Range of Remedies\n The Impact of Fraud\n Avoidance\n The Position of Policyholders\n Notes\n Article 2:105 Additional Information\n Comment\n Note\n Article 2:106 Genetic Information\n Comments\n Section Two: Insurer’s Pre-contractual Duties\n Article 2:201 Provision of Pre-contractual Documents\n Comments\n Pre-contractual Documents in General\n Duty to Provide an Applicant with a Pre-contractual Document\n Pre-contractual Documents in Special Branches of Insurance\n Right to a Copy of the Completed Documents\n Form of Documents\n Notes\n European Directives and their Implementation\n The Kind of Information to Be Given\n Stricter Requirements under National Laws\n Information Duty Draft ed in General Terms\n Application Form Provided by the Insurer, Article 2:201 para. 3\n Article 2:202 Duty to Warn about Inconsistencies in the Cover\n Comments\n General Remarks\n Duty to Assist the Applicant\n Consequences of Failure to Assist\n Damages\n Termination\n Notes\n Community Law\n National Law\n Sanctions\n Article 2:203 Duty to Warn about Commencement of Cover\n Comments\n Problems of Commencement of Cover in Practice\n Duty to Warn\n Notes\n Community Law\n The Sanction of Immediate Cover\n Incomplete and Unclear Sanctions\n Section Three: Conclusion of the Contract\n Article 2:301 Manner of Conclusion\n Comments\n The Principles of European Contract Law\n Agreement\n Ways of Concluding an Insurance Contract\n Insurance Contract\n Mandatory Character\n Proof\n Notes\n A Matter of General Contract Law\n Consensual Contract\n Article 2:302 Revocation of an Application for Insurance\n Comments\n An Application for Insurance\n Revocation by the Applicant\n Time for the Arrivals of Revocations and Acceptances Sent Electronically\n Effectiveness of Revocation\n Notes\n The Roles of Off eror and Offeree\n The Binding Nature of an Offer\n Article 2:303 Cooling-off Period\n Comments\n Introduction\n Structure of the Rule\n Avoidance\n Commencement of the Cooling-off Period\n Timeliness of Notice to Withdraw\n The Exceptions to the General Rule\n Notes\n Community Law\n Implementation for Life Assurance and Similar Products\n General Right of Withdrawal\n Exception for Short-Term Insurance Contracts\n Exception for Prolongation of Pre-Existing Contracts\n Exception for Preliminary Cover\n Article 2:304 Abusive Clauses\n Comments\n Unfair Contract Terms Directive (93/13/EEC)\n Persons Protected under Article 2:304\n Core terms\n Individually Negotiated Terms\n Fairness Test\n Grey List\n Sanctions\n Burden of Proof: Unfairness\n Notes\n Implementation of EU Law\n Additional and Broader Provisions on the Fairness of Insurance Terms\n Non-Negotiated Contracts, Article 2:304 paras. 1 and 4\n Exceptions from Judicial Review, Article 2:304 para. 3\n Consequences of Invalidity of a Clause, Article 2:304 para. 2\n Section Four: Retroactive and Preliminary Cover\n Article 2:401 Retroactive Cover\n Comments\n Issues of Risk\n Knowledge of the Insurer\n Knowledge of the Policyholder\n Notes\n General Permission for Retroactive Cover\n Sector-Specific Permission for Retroactive Cover\n Article 2:402 Preliminary Cover\n Comments\n Preliminary Cover\n Evidencing the Preliminary Cover\n Exclusion of Articles 2:201 to 2:203\n Notes\n Survey\n Form and Information Requirements: Germany, Greece\n France\n Belgium\n Luxembourg\n United Kingdom\n Terms of the Cover Note\n Article 2:403 Duration of Preliminary Cover\n Comments\n uration of the Preliminary Cover\n Notes\n Germany\n France\n Section Five: Insurance Policy\n Article 2:501 Contents\n Comments\n Insurance Policy\n Evidence\n Parol Evidence Rule\n Preliminary Insurance Contracts\n Notes\n Issue of a Document\n Information to Be Provided – Detailed Requirements\n Mixture: General Provision with Some Details\n Means of Proof\n Constitutive Eff ect\n Issue of General Contract Terms\n Cover Notes\n Written Form\n Article 2:502 Eff ects of the Policy\n Comments\n Notes\n Legal Presumption of Approval\n Term for Contradiction\n Preconditions for Presumption\n Signature as Means of Protection\n Legal Presumption of Contract in Accordance with Application\n Section Six: Duration of the Insurance Contract\n Article 2:601 Duration of the Insurance Contract\n Comments\n Comparative Survey\n Structure of the Rule\n Duration of the Contract Period\n Effects of Violation\n Personal Insurance\n Notes\n Maximum Period\n Personal Insurance\n Article 2:602 Prolongation\n Comments\n The Need for Prolongation\n Prolongation and Renewal\n Adjustment of Contract\n Form of Notice\n Term of Notice\n Notes\n Statutory and Contractual Prolongation\n Period of Prolongation\n Prolongation and Renewal\n Article 2:603 Alteration of Terms and Conditions\n Comments\n The Need for a Rule for Alteration\n The Need for a Special Rule for Insurance Contracts\n The Concept Underlying Article 2:603\n Minimum Standards for an Alteration Clause\n Notes\n Article 2:603 para. 1\n Article 2:603 para. 1(a) – Commencement of Alteration\n Article 2:603 para. 1(b) – Notice\n Article 2:603 para. 1(c) – Right of Termination\n Article 2:604 Termination after the Occurrence of an Insured Event\n Comments\n The Need for Termination\n Statutory and Contractual Rights to Terminate\n Time Limits\n Other Rights to Terminate\n Application to Group Insurance\n Notes\n Article 2:604 para. 1\n Article 2:604 para. 2 – Reasonableness\n Article 2:604 para. 3 – Expiration of the Right of Termination\n Article 2:604 para. 4 – End of Cover\n Section Seven: Post-contractual Information Duties of the Insurer\n Article 2:701 General Information Duty\n Comments\n The Need for Information During the Period of Insurance Cover\n Information to Be Given in All Cases\n Information about Changes in the Contract\n Updating Information\n Manner of Communication\n Notes\n Survey\n Life Insurance\n Legal Expenses Insurance\n Further Post-contractual Information Duties under National Law\n Article 2:702 Further Information upon Request\n Comments\n Purpose\n Limits\n Information on Changes in Standard Terms of Insurance\n Manner of Communication\n Remedies\n Note\n Chapter Three: Insurance Intermediaries\n Article 3:101 Powers of Insurance Agents\n Comments\n Legal and Contractual Authority of the Insurance Agent\n Minimum Authority\n Imputation of the Agent’s Knowledge\n Liability of the Agent\n Notes\n First Sentence of Article 3:101 para. 1 – Statutory Powers\n Second and Third Sentences of Article 3:101 para. 1 – Contractual Limitations\n Article 3:101 para. 2 – Minimum Powers\n Article 3:101 para. 3 – Imputation of the Agent’s Knowledge\n Article 3:102 Agents of Insurers Purporting to Be Independent\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Actual Authority of “Pseudo-brokers”\n Note\n Chapter Four: The Risk Insured\n Section One: Precautionary Measures\n Article 4:101 Precautionary Measures: Meaning\n Comments\n General Remarks\n The Concept of Precautionary Measure\n Notes\n General Remarks\n Finland and Sweden\n Austria, Germany, Switzerland\n United Kingdom\n France\n Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands\n Spain\n Poland\n Greece\n Article 4:102 Insurer’s Right to Terminate the Contract\n Comments\n Termination and Non-Prolongation\n Termination under Other Provisions\n Manner of Termination\n Application to Group Insurance\n Notes\n Ipso iure Avoidance or Declaration of Termination\n Termination ex tunc or ex nunc\n Causation: France and United Kingdom\n Causation in Other Member State Laws\n Fault: France, the Netherlands and United Kingdom\n Fault: Other European Laws\n Written Notice and Time Limits\n End of Cover\n National Peculiarities\n Article 4:103 Discharge of the Insurer’s Liability\n Comments\n General Remarks\n Causation\n Fault\n Notes\n General Remarks\n Causation\n France\n United Kingdom\n Italy\n Belgium and Luxembourg\n Austria and Germany\n The Netherlands\n Further Objective Elements\n Fault\n Germany\n Finland\n Austria\n Belgium and Luxembourg\n Section Two: Aggravation of Risk\n Article 4:201 Clauses Concerning Aggravation of Risk\n Comments\n Allocation of Risk\n The Need for Rules of Law\n Aggravation of Risk\n Clauses\n Notes\n Information Requirements\n Material Aggravation of Risk\n Aggravation Specifi ed in the Contract\n Article 4:202 Duty to Give Notice of an Aggravation of Risk\n Comments\n The Need for Notification\n The Manner of Notification\n Breach\n Notes\n Notice in Reasonable Time\n Insurer’s Duty to Pay Insurance Money\n Article 4:203 Termination and Discharge\n Comments\n Reconsideration of the Risk by Insurers\n Time for Policyholders to Find Alternative Cover\n Discharge\n Application to Group Insurance\n Notes\n Expiry of Cover\n Discharge\n Section Three: Reduction of Risk\n Article 4:301 Consequences of the Reduction of Risk\n Comments\n Purpose and Scope\n Materiality\n Policyholder’s Initiative\n Notes\n Reduction of the Premium\n Termination of Contract\n Exceptions for Personal Insurance\n Chapter Five: Insurance Premium\n Article 5:101 First or Single Premium\n Comments\n Scope of Regulation\n Regulatory Approach\n First and Single Premium\n Prerequisites for Giving Effect to a Condition which is Subject to Article 5:101\n Consequences of Payment or Non-Payment within the Two Week Period\n Notes\n Postponement of Cover\n Protection of the Applicant’s Expectations\n Article 5:102 Subsequent Premium\n Comments\n Scope of Regulation\n Regulatory Approach\n Subsequent Premium\n Prerequisites for Giving Eff ect to a Clause which is Subject to Article 5:102\n Consequences of Payment or Non-Payment within the Period of Grace\n Notes\n Article 5:103 Termination of the Contract\n Comments\n Scope of Regulation\n Regulatory Approach\n Termination in Case of Non-Payment of a First or Single Premium\n Termination in Case of Non-Payment of a Subsequent Premium\n Notice of Termination\n Effects of Termination\n Automatic Termination\n Notes\n Article 5:103 para. 1: The Right to Terminate\n Form of Termination\n Article 5:103 para. 2\n Article 5:104 Divisibility of Premium\n Comments\n The Principle\n Abolition of a Principle of Indivisibility of Premium\n Notes\n Article 5:105 Right to Pay Premium\n Comments\n Obligation of the Insurer to Accept Payment\n Consent of the Policyholder\n Legitimate Interest of Th ird Party\n Notes\n Chapter Six: Insured Event\n Article 6:101 Notice of Insured Event\n Comments\n Channels of Communication\n Balancing Interests\n Notice Periods\n Contents of the Notice\n Breach of Duty\n Notes\n Article 6:101 para. 1: Duty to Notify\n Who Owes The Duty to Notify\n Article 6:101 para. 2: Time Allowed for Notifi cation\n Contractual Derogations\n Article 6:101 para. 3: Sanction – Reduction of Insurance Money\n Contractual Arrangements\n Article 6:102 Claims Cooperation\n Comments\n Information about the Occurrence of the Insured Event\n Reasonable Requests\n Breach of Duty\n Notes\n Article 6:102 para. 1: Duty to Cooperate\n Article 6:102 paras. 2 and 3: Sanctions\n Article 6:103 Acceptance of Claims\n Comments\n Settlement\n Prompt Settlement of Claims\n Notes\n Article 6:104 Time of Performance\n Comments\n The Importance of Performance\n Undue Delay\n The Amount Payable\n Notes\n Article 6:104 paras. 1 and 3: Rules on the Time of Payment\n Article 6:104 para. 2: Partial Payment\n Article 6:105 Late Performance\n Comments\n Compensation\n Damages\n The Conceptual Basis of Liability\n Assessment of Loss\n Instances of Loss\n Notes\n General Rules on Interest\n Specific Interest Rules for Insurance Law\n Punitive Interest Rates\n Chapter Seven: Prescription\n Article 7:101 Action for Payment of Premium\n Comments\n Notes\n Community Law\n General Rules for All Claims Arising from Insurance Contracts\n Specific Rules on Prescription of Premiums\n General Rules of the Law of Prescription\n Comparison of Prescription Periods\n Article 7:102 Action for Payment of Insurance Benefi ts\n Comments\n General Period of Prescription and its Commencement\n Absolute Period of Prescription and its Commencement\n Notes\n Introduction\n A Single Rule without Any Requirement of Knowledge\n A Double Standard: Knowledge plus Time\n The Insurer’s Decision on the Claim as Starting Point of Prescription\n The Duration of the Prescription Periods\n Exception for Life Assurance Contracts\n Article 7:103 Other Issues Relating to Prescription\n Comments\n Prescription of Claims Not Covered by Articles 7:101 and 7:102\n Unregulated Issues of Prescription\n Contractual Derogations\n Notes\n General Remark\n Contractual Derogation\n Suspension in Case of Negotiations\n Suspension when Notice or Claim is Lodged\n Additional Reason for Suspension or Renewal\n Part Two: Provisions Common to Indemnity Insurance\n Chapter Eight: Sum Insured and Insured Value\n Article 8:101 Maximum Sums Payable\n Comments\n The Indemnity Principle and the Sum Insured\n Mitigation Costs\n The Sum Insured\n Valued Policies\n Notes\n The Indemnity Principle\n Value Agreements\n Effect of Value Agreements\n Fraud or Misrepresentation on the Part of the Insured\n Article 8:102 Underinsurance\n Comments\n Basic Principle: First Loss Cover\n Permitted Derogation: Proportionate Recovery\n Alternative Remedies\n Notes\n The Principle of Proportionate Reduction\n Exceptions\n Contractual Derogations\n Article 8:103 Adjustment of Terms in Case of Overinsurance\n Comments\n Basic Principle: Adjustment of Terms\n Overinsurance Caused by Multiple Insurance\n Determination of Insurance Money\n Alternative Remedies\n Notes\n General\n The Claim for Reduction, Article 8:103 para. 1\n Termination, Article 8:103 para. 2\n Article 8:104 Multiple Insurance\n Comments\n Background\n Key Elements of Multiple Insurance\n The Insured’s Choice\n Contributions by Different Insurers\n Notes\n General\n Indemnity Principle, Article 8:104 para. 1\n Full Liability of Each Insurer, Article 8:104 para. 2\n Recourse against Other Insurer(s), Article 8:104 para. 3\n Chapter Nine: Entitlement to Indemnity\n Article 9:101 Causation of Loss\n Comments\n Limits on Recovery of Indemnity\n Intention\n Recklessness\n Failure to Avert or Mitigate\n Duty and Causation\n The Persons Prohibited\n Notes\n Survey\n Intention and Gross Negligence, Article 9:101 para. 1\n Intention and Recklessness of Th ird Parties\n Contractual Derogations in Case of Negligence\n Failure to Avert and Mitigate Loss, Article 9:101 para. 3\n Article 9:102 The Costs of Mitigation\n Comments\n Establishment of a Right to Recover Certain Costs\n Scope of the Right of Recovery\n Underinsurance\n Notes\n General\n Reasonable Mitigation Costs, Article 9:102 para. 1\n The Sum Insured as Limit, Article 9:102 para. 2\n Chapter Ten: Rights of Subrogation\n Article 10:101 Subrogation\n Comments\n Introduction\n Need for Indemnity\n Protection for Insurer\n Third Party\n Protection of Th ird Parties in a Close Relationship with the Insured\n Notes\n General\n Basic Principle, Article 10:101 para. 1\n Protection of Subrogation Rights, Article 10:101 para. 2\n Protection of the Insured’s Entourage, Article 10:101 para. 3\n No Subrogation Rights against the Insured, Article 10:101 para. 4\n Chapter Eleven: Insured Persons other than the Policyholder\n Article 11:101 Entitlement of the Insured\n Comments\n Concept\n Protection of the Insured and Scope\n Basic Rule\n Other Third Party Claims\n Revocation of Cover\n Form of Notice\n Effects of Revocation\n Notes\n Article 11:101 para. 1: General Principle\n Artikcle 11:101 para. 2: Revocation\n Acceptance\n Insurance for Whom It May Concern\n Article 11:102 Knowledge of the Insured\n Comments\n Rationale\n Relation with Article 1:206\n Elements of the Rule\n Legal Consequences\n Notes\n Imputation to the Policyholder\n Direct Notifi cation Duties of the Insured\n Article 11:103 Breach of Duty by One Insured\n Comments\n Rationale and Purpose\n Scope: the Policyholder as an Insured\n Scope: Group Insurance\n Relation to Article 1:206\n Legal Consequences\n Joint Insurance\n Note\n Chapter Twelve: Insured Risk\n Article 12:101 Lack of Insured Risk\n Comments\n Structure and Position of the Rule\n Non-Existence of Insured Risk\n Cessation of Insured Risk\n Transfer of Title\n Notes\n General\n Initial Absence of Risk, Article 12:101 para. 1\n Subsequent Cessation of Risk, Article 12:101 para. 2\n Article 12:102 Transfer of Property\n Comments\n The Need for a Rule concerning Transfer of Property\n The Underlying Concept\n Non-Mandatory Character of the Rule\n Scope of Application\n Inapplicability to Transfer of Title by Inheritance\n The Fiction of an Insurance Contract for the Benefit of a Third Party\n Application to Group Insurance\n Notes\n General\n The Termination Approach, Article 12:102 para. 1\n The Substitution Approach\n Transferable Insurance Policies\n Passing of Insurance Cover, Article 12:102 para. 2\n Exceptions, Article 12:102 para. 3\n Part Three: Provisions Common to Insurance of Fixed Sums\n Chapter Thirteen: Admissibility\n Article 13:101 Insurance of Fixed Sums\n Comments\n Notes\n General\n Content\n Relationship to Personal Insurance\n Part Four: Liability Insurance\n Chapter Fourteen: General Liability Insurance\n Article 14:101 Defence Costs\n Comments\n Underlying Principle\n Scope of Defence Costs\n Reasonableness of Defence Costs (Article 9:102)\n Reasonableness and Sum Insured\n Free Choice of Defence Lawyer\n Costs of Criminal Proceedings\n Multiple Insurance\n Article 14:102 Protection of the Victim\n Comments\n Underlying Principle\n Scope\n Agreement on Defence Costs\n Article 14:103 Causation of Loss\n Comments\n Underlying Principle\n Specific Instructions\n Relation to Article 6:102\n Article 14:104 Acknowledgement of Liability\n Comments\n Acceptance of the Victim’s Claim\n Insurer’s Consent\n Article 14:105 Assignment\n Comments\n Interests Involved\n Rationale\n Article 14:106 No-Claims-Bonuses / Bonus-Malus-Systems\n Comments\n Background\n Transfer of Bonuses\n Claims Record\n Article 14:107 Insured Event\n Comments\n Background: Triggers for the Insurer’s Liability\n New Arrangements for the Insurer’s Liability\n Different National Solutions\n The Basic Rule (Article 14:107 para. 1)\n Consumer Liability Insurance – Mandatory Rule\n Commercial and Professional Risks – Default Rule\n Claims Made Clauses\n Other Clauses\n Article 14:108 Claims Exceeding the Sum Insured\n Comments\n Rationale\n Proportionality\n Multiple Events\n Protection of the Insurer\n Chapter Fifteen: Direct Claims and Direct Actions\n Article 15:101 Direct Claims and Defences\n Comments\n Rationale\n Compulsory Insurance\n Insolvency\n Liquidation or Winding up\n Personal Injury\n Law Governing Liability\n Limits to the Direct Claim\n Defences\n Article 15:102 Information Duties\n Comments\n Rationale\n Information Duty of the Policyholder and the Insured (para. 1)\n Information Duty of the Insurer (para. 2)\n Sanctions\n Information Duty of the Policyholder (fi rst sentence of para. 3)\n Information Duty of the Insured (second sentence of para. 3)\n Period for the Provision of Information\n Analogous Application of para. 3\n Article 15:103 Discharge\n Comments\n Rationale\n Principle\n Exceptions\n Article 15:104 Prescription\n Comments\n Rationale\n Prescription Period\n Exception: Defence Costs\n Suspension\n Chapter Sixteen: Compulsory Insurance\n Article 16:101 Scope of Application\n Comments\n Rationale\n The duty to insure and the applicable contract law\n The Origins of Duties to Insure\n The priority of national requirements, para. 2\n Part Five: Life Insurance\n Chapter Seventeen: Special Provisions for Life Insurance\n Section One: Third Parties\n Article 17:101 Life Insurance on the Life of a Third Party\n Comments\n Rationale\n Consent requirement: General aspects\n Consent in Writing\n Informed Consent\n Time of Consent\n Application to Substantial Changes and Other Situations\n Sanctions\n Article 17:102 Benefi ciary of the Insurance Money\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Designation and Change of Designation\n Form of Designation (para. 1)\n Beneficiary in the Absence of Effective Designation (para. 3)\n Death or Revocation of One of Multiple Benefi ciaries (para. 4)\n Effects of Insolvency Proceedings (para. 5)\n Discharge (para. 6)\n Article 17:103 Benefi ciary of the Surrender Value\n Comments\n Rationale\n Revocation and change\n Default Rule (para. 2)\n Cross-references (para. 3)\n Article 17:104 Assignment or Encumbrance\n Comments\n Rationale\n Action of the Policyholder\n Action of the Benefi ciary\n Consent\n Effect of Assignment and Encumbrance\n Article 17:105 Renunciation of Estate\n Comments\n Background\n Rule of Construction\n Relationship with Insolvency Law\n Section Two: Initial Stage and Duration of the Contract\n Article 17:201 Applicant’s Pre-contractual Information Duties\n Comments\n Rationale\n Information about the Person at Risk (para. 1)\n Indisputability (para. 2)\n Article 17:202 Insurer’s Pre-contractual Information Duties\n Comments\n Rationale\n Additional Information Requirements\n Information on Risks Underlying the Contract (para. 3)\n Model Calculation (para. 4)\n Article 17:203 Cooling-off Period\n Comments\n Rationale and Object of para. 1\n Rationale and Object of para. 2\n Article 17:204 Policyholder’s Right to Terminate the Contract\n Comments\n Rationale\n Unequal Regulation for Both Parties\n The One-Year Waiting Period\n Single Premium Insurance (second sentence of para. 1)\n Exclusion of Termination Rights under National Law\n Form and Eff ect of Termination (third sentence of para. 1)\n Article 17:205 Insurer’s Right to Terminate the Contract\n Comments\n Rationale\n Termination for Breach of Pre-contractual Disclosure Duties\n Termination for Aggravation of Risk\n Termination for Non-payment of Premium\n Modalities and eff ect of termination\n Section Three: Changes during the Contract Period\n Article 17:301 Insurer’s Post-contractual Information Duties\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Context\n Article 17:302 Aggravation of Risk\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Sanction\n Article 17:303 Adjustment of Premium and Benefi ts Payable\n Comments\n Rationale\n National Laws as Models\n Scope (paras. 1 and 3)\n Requirements (para. 2)\n Exceptions (para. 4)\n Form and Time of Eff ectiveness (para. 5)\n Premium Reduction\n Premium Stability (para. 7)\n Adjustment Clauses\n Article 17:304 Alteration of Terms and Conditions\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Requirements for Alteration Clauses (para. 1)\n Limited Reasons for Alterations (para. 1)\n Alteration of Supervisory Law\n Pension Schemes\n Tax Privileges\n Replacement of Invalid Clauses\n Further Requirements for an Alteration (para. 2)\n Retroactive Eff ect\n Minimum Standards for Alteration Clauses in Life Insurance\n Section Four: Relation to National Laws\n Article 17:401 Pension Plans\n Comments\n Rationale\n Illustration\n Scope\n Precedence of National Law\n Article 17:402 Tax Treatment and State Subsidies\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Legal consequences\n Section Five: Insured Event\n Article 17:501 Insurer’s Investigation and Information Duty\n Comments\n Rationale\n Duty to Investigate the Occurrence of the Insured Event (para. 1)\n Duty to Investigate the Identity and Address of the Benefi ciary (para. 2)\n Duty to Inform the Benefi ciary (para. 2)\n Sanctions (para. 3)\n Article 17:502 Suicide\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Time Period\n Mental Incapacity\n Discharge\n Article 17:503 Intentional Killing of the Person at Risk\n Comments\n Rationale\n Scope\n Details\n Intention\n Self-Defence\n Mandatory Character\n Section Six: Conversion and Surrender\n Article 17:601 Conversion of the Contract\n Comments\n Rationale\n Policyholder’s Options\n Information Duty\n Form of Request\n Article 17:602 Surrender of the Contract\n Comments\n Right of Surrender (para. 1)\n Termination by the Insurer (para. 2)\n Insurer’s Information Duty (para. 3)\n With-profits Policies (para. 4)\n Time of Payment (para. 5)\n Article 17:603 Conversion Value; Surrender Value\n Comments\n Home Country Principle (fi rst sentence of para. 1)\n Established Actuarial Principles (second sentence of para. 1)\n Deduction of Costs of Contract Conclusion (para. 2)\n Deduction of Costs of Payment of the Surrender Value (para. 3)\n Part Six: Group Insurance\n Chapter Eighteen: Special Provisions for Group Insurance\n Section One: Group Insurance in General\n Article 18:101 Applicability\n Comments\n Background\n Definition\n Classification\n Applicability of the PEICL\n Article 18:102 General Duty of Care of the Group Organiser\n Comments\n ation (para. 2)\n Section Two: Accessory Group Insurance\n Article 18:201 Application of the PEICL\n Comments\n Group Insurance and Protection of Group Members\n Straightforward Application of the PEICL\n Application of the PEICL mutatis mutandis\n Contract Terms and the mutatis mutandis Rule\n Need for Special Rules\n Article 18:202 Information Duties\n Comments\n Rationale\n Information Duty when a Person Joins a Group\n Time when Information has to be Provided\n Person Obliged to Provide Information\n Sanctions\n Burden of Proof\n Information aft er Joining\n Article 18:203 Termination by the Insurer\n Comments\n Rationale\n Termination aft er Occurrence of the Insured Event\n Termination for Non-Compliance with Precautionary Measures or Aggravation of Risk (para. 2)\n Termination by Transfer of Property (para. 3)\n Article 18:204 Right to Continue Cover – Group Life Insurance\n Comments\n Rationale\n Cover in Transitional Period\n Right to Individual Cover (para. 1)\n Contents of the Individual Insurance (paras. 1 and 3)\n Individual Insurance as a New Contract\n Group Organiser’s Information Duty\n Sanctions for Breach of the Information Duty\n Section Three: Elective Group Insurance\n Article 18:301 Elective Group Insurance: General\n Comments\n Elective Group Insurances as Framework Contracts\n Applicability of the PEICL\n Article 18:302 Alteration of Terms and Conditions\n Comments\n Rationale\n Alteration of Terms and Conditions of the Framework Contract\n Requirements of Article 2:603\n Requirements of Articles 17:303 and 17:304\n Article 18:303 Continuation of Cover\n Comments\n Contents\n Possible Consequences of the Termination of the Framework Contract\n Comparison with Article 18:204\nPrinciples of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL): Translations (non-authentic)\n Chinese version:\n Czech version: Zásady evropského pojištovacího smluvního práva (ZEPSP)\n Dutch version: Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)\n French version: Principes du droit Européen du contrat d’assurance (PDECA)\n German version: Grundregeln des Europäischen Versicherungsvertragsrecht (GEVVR)\n Greek version: Αρχές Ευρωπαϊκού Δικαίου της Ασφαλιστικής Σύμβασης (ΑΕΔΑΣ)\n Hungarian version: Az Európai biztosítási szerzodési jog alapelvei\n Italian version: Principi di Diritto Europeo del Contratto di Assicurazione (PEICL)\n Japanese version: (PEICL) (PEICL)\n Korean version: Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)\n Polish version: Zasady europejskiego prawa ubezpieczen (ZEPU)\n Portuguese version: Princípios do Direito Europeu do Contrato de Seguro (PEICL)\n Serbian version: Principi Evropskog Ugovornog Prava Osiguranja (PEUPO)\n Slovak version: Princípy európskeho práva poistnej zmluvy (PEPPZ)\n Spanish version: Principios de Derecho Europeo del Contrato de Seguro (PDECS)\n Swedish version: Principer för en Europeisk Försäkringsavtalsrätt (PEICL)\n Turkish version: Avrupa Sigorta Sözlesmesi ukuku Ilkeleri (ASSHI)\nAnnexes\n Abbreviations\n Table of National Statutes (including draft legislation and like sources)\n Table of EU Legislation (including draft legislation and like sources)\n Table of International Conventions and Model Laws\n Table of Cases\n Bibliography of Works Cited