دانلود کتاب Principles Of Microbiology

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Cover Half Title About the Authors Title Page Copyright Dedication Preface Acknowledgements Contents Walkthrough 1. History and Scope of Microbiology 1.1 Discovery of Microorganisms 1.2 The Spontaneous Generation Controversy 1.3 The Germ Theory of Disease 1.4 Establishing Control of Microbial Infections 1.5 Microbial Effects on Organic and Inorganic Matter 1.6 Diversity of Microorganisms and Their Place in the Living World 1.7 Development of Microbiology and Its Future 1.8 Microbiology in India Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 2. Microscopy and Staining 2.1 History and Principles of Microscopy 2.2 Bright-Field Microscopy 2.3 Fixing and Staining of Microbes for Light Microscopy 2.4 Micrometry 2.5 Dark-Field Microscopy 2.6 Fluorescence Microscopy 2.7 Confocal Microscopy 2.8 Phase-Contrast Microscopy 2.9 Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy 2.10 Transmission Electron Microscopy 2.11 Preparation of Specimens for Transmission Electron Microscopy 2.12 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 2.13 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 2.14 Atomic Force Microscopy 2.15 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading 3. Growth, Culture and Maintenance of Microorganisms 3.1 Nutritional Requirements 3.2 Nutritional Types of Microorganisms 3.3 Uptake of Nutrients by the Microbial Cell 3.4 Environmental Factors Influencing Growth 3.5 Microbial Growth and Measurement 3.6 Culture Media and Types 3.7 Preparation and Sterilisation of Culture Media 3.8 Cultivation of Microbial Cells 3.9 Techniques of Pure Culture Isolation 3.10 Techniques of Inoculation 3.11 Maintenance and Preservation of Stock Cultures 3.12 Culture Collections and their Functions 3.13 Disposal of Microbes and Biosafety Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading 4. Control of Microorganisms—Sterilisation and Disinfection 4.1 Theory and Practise of Sterilisation and Disinfection 4.2 Conditions Influencing Antimicrobial Action 4.3 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents 4.4 Physical Methods of Microbial Control 4.5 Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading 5. The Viruses: Introduction, Characteristics and Taxonomy 5.1 Discovery of Viruses 5.2 Evolutionary Origin of Viruses 5.3 Distinguishing Characteristics of Viruses 5.4 Structure of Viruses 5.5 Nomenclature and General Classification of Viruses 5.6 Classification of Animal Viruses 5.7 Classification of Plant Viruses 5.8 Classification of Viruses Infecting Algae, Fungi and Protozoa 5.9 Classification of Bacteriophages Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 6. The Animal Viruses 6.1 Types of Viral Infections in the Host 6.2 Multiplication of Animal Viruses 6.3 Animal Viruses and Tumourigenesis 6.4 Animal Viruses and Teratogenesis 6.5 Detection of Animal Viruses in the Host 6.6 Isolation, Purification and Assay 6.7 Cultivation of Animal Viruses 6.8 Transmission of Viral Infection 6.9 Strategies for Preventing Viral Infection Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading 7. The Plant Viruses 7.1 Structural Characteristics of Plant Viruses 7.2 Symptoms of Virus Infection in Plants 7.3 Histological Changes Induced by Viruses 7.4 Cytopathological Effects of Virus Infection 7.5 Physiology of Virus-Infected Plants 7.6 Translocation and Distribution of Viruses in Plants 7.7 Methods for Cultivation of Plant Viruses 7.8 Detection and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases 7.9 Isolation, Purification and Quantitative Assay 7.10 Infection and Replication 7.11 Transmission of Plant Viruses 7.12 Control of Plant Viruses 7.13 Economic Importance of Viruses with Emphasis on Common Viral Diseases of Plants Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 8. The Bacteriophages, Mycophages and Other Virus-Like Infectious Agents 8.1 Discovery and Significance of Bacteriophages 8.2 Structural Characteristics of Bacteriophages 8.3 Isolation, Cultivation, Storage and Enumeration of Bacteriophage Numbers 8.4 Kinetics of Bacteriophage Multiplication 8.5 Replication of Virulent (DNA) Bacteriophages 8.6 Replication of Temperate (DNA) Bacteriophages 8.7 Replication of Filamentous (DNA) Bacteriophages 8.8 Replication of RNA Bacteriophages 8.9 Cyanophages 8.10 Mycophages 8.11 Insect Viruses 8.12 Satellite Viruses and Satellite Nucleic Acids 8.13 Viroids 8.14 Prions Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 9. The Prokaryotes: Cell Structure, Function and Reproduction 9.1 The Evolution of Prokaryotic Organisms 9.2 General Features of Prokaryotic Cell 9.3 Variations in Bacterial Size, Shape and Arrangement 9.4 Structures External to the Bacterial Cell Wall 9.5 The Bacterial Cell Wall 9.6 The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane 9.7 Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Inclusions 9.8 Bacterial Spores and Cysts 9.9 Reproduction in Prokaryotes Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 10. The Prokaryotes: Diversity and Taxonomy 10.1 Taxonomic Ranks of Prokaryotes 10.2 Code of Nomenclature 10.3 Characteristics Used in Classification and Identification 10.4 Use of Numerical Taxonomy in the Classification of Prokaryotes 10.5 Classification Schemes of Prokaryotes 10.6 Diversity and Biological Importance of Archaea (Archaeobacteria) 10.7 Diversity and Biological Importance of Bacteria (Eubacteria) 10.8 Prokaryotic Culture Collections Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 11. The Eukaryotes: Cell Structure and Diversity 11.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure 11.2 Evolution of Eukaryotic Organisms 11.3 The Fungi 11.4 The Fungus-Like Organisms 11.5 The Algae 11.6 The Lichens 11.7 The Protozoa Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 12. Microbial Interactions 12.1 Functions of Symbiotic Relationships 12.2 Establishment of Symbiosis 12.3 Types of Symbiosis 12.4 Commensalism 12.5 Synergism 12.6 Mutualism 12.7 Parasitism Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading 13. Microbial Metabolism 13.1 An Overview of Metabolism 13.2 Major Biological Molecules 13.3 Enzymes in Metabolism 13.4 Principles of Bioenergetics 13.5 Energy Production 13.6 Catabolism of Carbohydrates 13.7 Catabolism of Intracellular Reserve Polymers 13.8 Catabolism of Lipids 13.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids 13.10 Oxidation of Inorganic Molecules 13.11 Energy Production by Photosynthesis 13.12 Utilisation of Energy Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 14. Microbial Genetics 14.1 Nature of Hereditary Information 14.2 DNA Replication 14.3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 14.4 Extrachromosomal DNA (Plasmids) 14.5 Transposable Genetic Elements 14.6 Mutations 14.7 Genetic Transfer and Recombination 14.8 Recombinant DNA Technology Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 15. Viral Diseases of Humans 15.1 Air-Borne Viral Diseases 15.2 Food- and Water-Borne Viral Diseases 15.3 Vector-Transmitted Viral Diseases 15.4 Sexually Transmitted Viral Diseases 15.5 Direct Contact Viral Diseases 15.6 Emerging and Resurgent Viral Diseases Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 16. Bacterial Diseases of Humans 16.1 Air-Borne Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract 16.2 Air-Borne Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract 16.3 Food- and Water-Borne Bacterial Intoxications 16.4 Food- and Water-Borne Bacterial Diseases 16.5 Soil-Borne Bacterial Diseases 16.6 Arthropod-Transmitted Diseases 16.7 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 16.8 Direct Contact Diseases 16.9 Nosocomial Infections 16.10 Emerging Bacterial Diseases Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 17. Fungal Diseases of Humans 17.1 Superficial Mycoses 17.2 Cutaneous Mycoses 17.3 Subcutaneous Mycoses 17.4 Systemic Mycoses 17.5 Opportunistic Mycoses 17.6 Fungal Toxicoses Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 18. Protozoan Diseases of Humans 18.1 Protozoan Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract 18.2 Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 18.3 Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System 18.4 Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive System Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 19. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 19.1 Historical Development of Chemotherapy 19.2 Characteristics of Anti-Microbial Drugs 19.3 Action of Antimicrobial Drugs 19.4 Anti-Bacterial Drugs 19.5 Anti-Fungal Drugs 19.6 Anti-Viral Drugs 19.7 Anti-Protozoan Drugs 19.8 Anti-Helminthic Drugs 19.9 Microbial Resistance to Drugs 19.10 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance 19.11 Microbial Susceptibility to Chemotherapeutic Drugs 19.12 Future of Anti-Microbial Agents Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 20. Resistance and the Immune System 20.1 The Innate Resistance (Non-Specific Defences) 20.2 The Acquired Resistance (Specific Defence Immunity) 20.3 Cells and Tissues of the Immune System 20.4 General Characteristics of Immune Responses 20.5 Antibody-Mediated Immunity 20.6 Cell-Mediated Immunity 20.7 Vaccination 20.8 Serological Reactions and Serodiagnosis 20.9 Hypersensitivity Reactions 20.10 Autoimmune Disorders 20.11 Immune Deficiencies Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 21. Environmental Microbiology 21.1 Microorganisms in Natural Environments 21.2 Microbiology of Terrestrial Environment 21.3 Biogeochemical Cycles 21.4 Microbiology of Freshwater Environments 21.5 Microbiology of Marine Environments 21.6 Microbiology of Extreme Environments 21.7 Surfaces and Biofilms 21.8 Aeromicrobiology 21.9 Microbial Bioremediation of Polluted Environments 21.10 Composting of Biodegradable Organic Matter 21.11 Bioleaching 21.12 Indicator Microorganisms in Polluted Waters 21.13 Purification and Testing of Drinking Water 21.14 Domestic Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References 22. Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 22.1 Fermentation Technology 22.2 Microbial Sources of Traditional Fermented Beverages 22.3 Fermented Food Products 22.4 Commercial Production of Baker’s Yeast 22.5 Fermented Dairy Products 22.6 Microbial Health Foods 22.7 Microbial Sources of Animal Feeds 22.8 Microbial Production of Pharmaceuticals 22.9 Microbial Production of Amino Acids and Other Organic Acids 22.10 Microbial Production of Enzymes 22.11 Microbial Production of Solvents 22.12 Microbial Production of Fuels 22.13 Biopesticides 22.14 Biopolymers 22.15 Biosurfactants 22.16 Biosensors and Biochips 22.17 Products Derived from Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Questions for Thought and Review Recommended Literature for Further Reading Web References References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Glossory of Important Microbiological Terms Index