دانلود کتاب Principles of Microeconomics , Sixth Edition

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Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents ......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
Part 1 Introduction to Economics......Page 34
CHAPTER 1 The Central Idea......Page 35
Scarcity and Choice for Individuals......Page 37
Scarcity and Choice for the Economy as a Whole......Page 41
Market Economies and the Price System......Page 46
Conclusion......Page 53
Questions for Review......Page 54
Problems......Page 55
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: GAINS FROM TRADE ON THE INTERNET......Page 40
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: TEACHING JOBS AND GRADUATE SCHOOL APPLICATIONS—TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN......Page 42
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: GAINS FROM TRADE ON THE RADIO......Page 51
CHAPTER 2 Observing and Explaining the Economy......Page 57
What Do Economists Do?......Page 58
The Fluctuating Price Of Gasoline......Page 59
Explaining an Economic Event......Page 61
Recommending Appropriate Policies......Page 69
Conclusion: A Reader's Guide......Page 73
Key Points......Page 74
Problems......Page 75
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: AN ECONOMIC EXPERIMENT TO STUDY DISCRIMINATION......Page 64
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: SCIENCE OR PERSUASION?......Page 70
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: YOUNG ECONOMISTS AT WORK......Page 71
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 2 Reading, Understanding, and Creating Graphs......Page 77
CHAPTER 3 The Supply and Demand Model......Page 85
Demand......Page 86
Supply......Page 93
Market Equilibrium: Combining Supply and Demand......Page 98
Key Points......Page 110
Problems......Page 111
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: WHY ROSES COST MORE ON VALENTINE'S DAY......Page 101
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: USING THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND MODEL TO ANALYZE REAL-WORLD ISSUES......Page 108
CHAPTER 4 Subtleties of the Supply and demand Model: Price Floors, Price Ceilings, and Elasticity......Page 113
Interference with Market Prices......Page 114
Elasticity of Demand......Page 119
Working with Demand Elasticities......Page 126
Elasticity of Supply......Page 138
Key Points......Page 143
Problems......Page 144
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: HOW POLICYMAKERS USE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TO DISCOURAGE UNDERAGE DRINKING......Page 120
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: INCREASING SCHOOL ENROLLMENT IN AFRICA......Page 123
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: PREDICTING THE SIZE OF A PRICE INCREASE......Page 125
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: WILL AN INCREASE IN THE MINIMUM WAGE BENEFIT POOR WORKERS?......Page 136
Part 2 Principles of Microeconomics......Page 148
CHAPTER 5 The Demand Curve and the Behavior of Consumers......Page 149
Utility and Consumer Preferences......Page 150
The Budget Constraint and Utility Maximization......Page 154
Willingness to Pay and the Demand Curve......Page 160
The Market Demand Curve......Page 164
Consumer Surplus......Page 166
Conclusion......Page 170
Key Terms......Page 171
Problems......Page 172
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: PEERING DEEPER INTO HOW INDIVIDUALS MAKE DECISIONS......Page 157
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: CREATING CONSUMER SURPLUS FOR THE POOR......Page 167
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: BUILDING ROADS AND BRIDGES WITH CONSUMER SURPLUS......Page 169
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 5 Consumer Theory With Indifference Curves......Page 174
CHAPTER 6 The Supply Curve and the Behavior of Firms......Page 181
Definition of a Firm......Page 183
The Firm's Profits......Page 185
Profit Maximization and the Individual Firm's Supply Curve......Page 191
The Market Supply Curve......Page 199
Producer Surplus......Page 203
Conclusion......Page 205
Questions for Review......Page 206
Problems......Page 207
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: GREEN PRICING AND INCENTIVES......Page 196
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: SUPPLY SHIFTS CAUSED BY NATURAL DISASTER......Page 201
CHAPTER 7 The Interaction of People in Markets......Page 209
Individual Consumers and Firms in a Market......Page 210
Are Competitive Markets Efficient?......Page 217
Measuring Waste from Inefficiency......Page 222
The Deadweight Loss from Price Floors and Ceilings......Page 224
The Deadweight Loss from Taxation......Page 227
Informational Efficiency......Page 230
Conclusion......Page 231
Questions for Review......Page 232
Problems......Page 233
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: COORDINATION FAILURE IN RESPONDING TO A FAMINE......Page 213
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: PRICE CONTROLS AND DEADWEIGHT LOSS IN THE MILK INDUSTRY......Page 229
Part 3 The Economics of the Firm......Page 236
CHAPTER 8 Costs and the Changes at Firms over Time......Page 237
Costs for an Individual Firm......Page 239
Cost Curves......Page 246
The Production Decision in the Short Run......Page 249
Costs and Production: The Long Run......Page 257
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: EXPANDING (AND SHRINKING) A FIRM OVER TIME......Page 262
Key Terms......Page 267
Problems......Page 268
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: A DORMANT MINE STARTS UP AGAIN......Page 255
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: ECONOMIST FINDS ECONOMIES OF SCALE AT PIN FACTORY......Page 266
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 8 Producer Theory with Isoquants......Page 270
CHAPTER 9 The Rise and Fall of Industries......Page 277
Markets and Industries......Page 278
The Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium Model of an Industry......Page 279
External Economies and Diseconomies of Scale......Page 294
Key Points......Page 298
Problems......Page 299
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: ENTRY AND EXIT IN THE DVD RENTAL INDUSTRY......Page 285
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: THE RISE OF DIGITAL CAMERAS AND THE DEATH OF SILVER HALIDE FILM......Page 288
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: CYCLES IN THE GRAPE INDUSTRY......Page 291
CHAPTER 10 Monopoly......Page 301
A Model of Monopoly......Page 303
The Generic Diagram of a Monopoly and its Profits......Page 314
Competition, Monopoly, And Deadweight Loss......Page 317
Why Monopolies Exist......Page 320
Price Discrimination......Page 325
Key Points......Page 328
Problems......Page 329
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: THE DECLINE OF THE DIAMOND MONOPOLIST......Page 305
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: HOW BEST TO ENSURE ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 323
CHAPTER 11 Product Differentiation, Monopolistic Competition, and Oligopoly......Page 331
Product Differentiation......Page 333
Monopolistic Competition......Page 341
Oligopoly......Page 346
Conclusion......Page 353
Key Terms......Page 354
Problems......Page 355
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: WHAT'S THE FUTURE OF PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION?......Page 337
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: THE DELICIOUSNESS OF PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION......Page 339
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: A DUOPOLY GAME......Page 349
CHAPTER 12 Antitrust Policy and Regulation......Page 357
Antitrust Policy......Page 358
Regulating Natural Monopolies......Page 369
To Regulate or Not to Regulate......Page 374
Key Points......Page 377
Problems......Page 378
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: THE ISSUE: ARE MERGERS GOOD FOR THE ECONOMY?......Page 363
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: PRICE FIXING IN THE IVY LEAGUE......Page 367
Part 4 Markets, Income Distribution, and Public Goods......Page 382
CHAPTER 13 Labor Markets......Page 383
The Measurement of Wages......Page 384
The Labor Market......Page 387
Labor Demand......Page 388
Labor Supply......Page 395
Explaining Wage Trends and Differences......Page 400
Labor Unions......Page 410
Key Points......Page 414
Questions for Review......Page 415
Problems......Page 416
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: INCENTIVES TO WORK......Page 398
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: WHY IT'S BETTER BEING AN ECONOMIST......Page 401
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: DOES PRODUCTIVITY OR COMPENSATING DIFFERENTIALS EXPLAIN THE ACADEMIC WAGE GAP?......Page 404
CHAPTER 14 Taxes, Transfers, and Income Distribution......Page 419
The Tax System......Page 421
Transfer Payments......Page 435
The Distribution of Income in the United States......Page 443
Conclusion......Page 452
Key Terms......Page 453
Problems......Page 454
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: THE "DEATH TAX" DEBATE......Page 425
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: ASSESSING THE SUCCESS OF THE 1996 WELFARE REFORM A DECADE LATER......Page 439
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED ABOUT INCOME INEQUALITY?......Page 449
CHAPTER 15 Public Goods, Externalities, and Government Behavior......Page 457
Public Goods......Page 458
Externalities: From the Environment to Education......Page 463
Remedies for Externalities......Page 471
Models of Government Behavior......Page 483
Conclusion......Page 489
Key Terms......Page 490
Problems......Page 491
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: EXCLUDABILITY, RIVALRY, AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES......Page 468
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: REALIZING THE POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES OF A NEW CANCER VACCINE......Page 475
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS......Page 481
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: ADVISING THE GOVERNMENT TO AUCTION OFF THE SPECTRUM......Page 487
CHAPTER 16 Capital Markets......Page 493
The Distinction Between Physical Capital and Financial Capital......Page 495
Markets for Physical Capital......Page 496
Markets for Financial Capital......Page 504
The Tradeoff Between Risk and Return......Page 508
Corporate Governance Problems......Page 513
Conclusion......Page 517
Questions For Review......Page 518
Problems......Page 519
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: PHYSICAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION OF GOOGLE......Page 501
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: UNDERSTANDING STOCK AND BOND PRICE LISTINGS IN NEWSPAPERS......Page 505
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: CORPORATE GREED......Page 515
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 16 Present Discounted Value......Page 520
Part 5 Trade and Global Markets......Page 522
CHAPTER 17 The Gains from International Trade......Page 523
Recent Trends in International Trade......Page 524
Comparative Advantage......Page 525
Reasons for Comparative Advantage......Page 536
Gains from Expanded Markets......Page 538
Key Points......Page 545
Problems......Page 546
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OUTSOURCING......Page 527
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: DOING POLITICS AND ECONOMICS......Page 534
CHAPTER 18 International Trade Policy......Page 549
Tariffs and Quotas......Page 550
The History of Trade Restrictions......Page 555
Arguments for Trade Barriers......Page 559
How to Reduce Trade Barriers......Page 562
Key Terms......Page 565
Problems......Page 566
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: FROM STEEL TO SHRIMP: THE SAME OLD TARIFF STORY......Page 552
ECONOMICS IN THE NEWS: THE END OF THE MULTI-FIBER AGREEMENT......Page 554
ECONOMICS IN ACTION: ENDING THE CORN LAWS......Page 564
Glossary......Page 568
Index......Page 576
Credits......Page 584