دانلود کتاب Problems in Value Theory: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates

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Title Page\nCopyright Page\nContents\nContributors\nAcknowledgments\nIntroduction\n What Philosophy Is All about\n The Approach of This Series\n Online Resources\n The Philosopher’s Toolkit\nPart 1: Problems in Ethics and Aesthetics\n Introduction to Part One\n Ethics\n Aesthetics\n The Meaning of Life\n Notes\n Chapter 1: Is Morality Relative?\n Morality Is Relative\n Meanings: Substantive Morality\n Meanings: Metaethics\n Darwinism\n Implications\n Notes\n Morality Is Objective\n Philosophical Housekeeping\n Why Morality Is Objective\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Ruse\n Materialism and Darwinian Morality\n Explaining Morality Away\n The Real Price of Ruse’s Relativism\n Notes\n Response to Beckwith\n What Is Meant by “Objective” Morality?\n Confusing Subjective with Relative\n Relative or Not?\n Notes\n Questions for Reflection\n Chapter 2: What Makes Actions Right or Wrong?\n Consequences Make Actions Right\n Core Consequentialism\n The Demandingness Objection\n The Problem of Motives\n Other Nonconsequentialist Constraints\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Respect for Persons Makes Actions Right\n The Philosophical Question about Morality\n Three Theories and PQAM\n PQAM and Respect-for-Persons\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Norcross\n The Problem of Justice\n Consequentialist Responses to the Justice Problem\n Structural Problems\n Notes\n Response to Linville\n The Limitations of Moral Intuitions\n The Inadequacy of the Respect for Persons Principle\n Notes\n Questions for Reflection\n Chapter 3: Does Morality Depend on God?\n Morality Depends upon Ggod\n What Is a Divine Command Theory?\n Has a Divine Command Theory Been Refuted?\n Skeptical Challenges to Secular Meta ethical Theories\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Morality Does Not Depend on God\n Preliminary Considerations\n The Existence of God\n The Existence of Morality\n The Independence of Morality\n The Independence of Morality from God\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Flannagan\n Problems for Flannagan’s DCT\n Have Secular Theories Failed?\n One More Problem for Flannagan’s DCT\n Notes\n Response to Oppy\n The Vacuity Objection\n Atheism and Moral Skepticism\n Necessary Moral Truths\n Irreducible Moral Properties?\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Questions for Reflection\n Chapter 4: Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder?\n Beauty Is Relative\n Hume’s “Relativism”\n Dewey on Aesthetic Experience\n Santayana’s Relativism of Response\n Relativism Is Not Insignificance: Closing Thoughts\n Notes\n Beauty Is Objective\n Assaults on Objectivism\n Some Historical Background to the Dispute\n Resolving Aesthetic Disagreements\n Beauty in Art\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Mock\n Mock’s (Mis)Appropriation of Margolis\n Mock’s Inconsistent Appeal to Hume and Dewey\n Response to Gould\n Miscellaneous Agreements and Quibbles\n Kant, Dickie, and Mathematics\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Questions for Reflection\n Chapter 5: What Is the Meaning of Life?\n The Meaning of Life Is Found in Ggod\n The Meaning of “Meaning”\n Theism and Meaning\n Atheism and Meaning\n No God, No Meaning\n Notes\n The Meaning of Life Can Be Found without God\n The Concept of Meaning\n A Subjectivist Account of Meaning\n The Objectivist’s Reply\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Ggroothuis\n Groothuis’s Argument\n Theism Not Necessary for Meaning\n Theism Not Sufficient for Meaning\n Response to Vitrano\n Vitrano’s Argument\n Vitrano’s Dilemma\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Questions for Reflection\n Essay Suggestions\n For Further Reading\n Ethics—Moral Relativism, Normative Ethics, Ggod and Ethics\n Aesthetics\n The Meaning of Life\nPart 2: Problems in Political Philosophy\n Introduction to Part Two\n The Justification of Government\n Distributive Justice\n The Ethics of War\n Note\n Chapter 6: Do We Need Government?\n We Do Not Need Ggovernment\n Is Government Based on Consent?\n Moral Problems with Government\n Hobbes’s Defense of Government\n Locke’s Defense of Government\n Nozick’s Defense of Government\n What about the Poor?\n Conclusion\n Notes\n We Need Some Government\n A Minimalist Government Is Better than Anarchy\n A Nonminimalist Government Is Better than Anarchy\n Government Is Needed, Given that Governments Are Already Widespread\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Long\n Contra Private Protection Agencies\n The Nonminimal State and the Problem of Other States Redux\n Notes\n Response to Tuckness\n Locke and Nozick\n Public Goods and Military Defense\n Fairness and Equality\n Burden of Proof\n Public Deliberation\n Benefits and/or Inevitability of Monopoly\n Notes\n Questions for Reflection\n Chapter 7: Should Wealth Be Redistributed?\n Wealth Should Be Redistributed\n Nozick’s Libertarian Theory\n Two Systems of Property\n Which System Is More Just?\n The Liberal Argument\n Economic and Social Justice\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Wealth Should Not Be Redistributed\n The Kind of Redistribution That’s Relevant\n The Case against Redistribution\n The Alternative to the Welfare State\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Mandle\n Redistribution Is the Issue\n Liberty Is a Moral Issue\n Contra Rawlsianism\n Notes\n Response to Narveson\n Not Just One Possible System\n How Do We Decide?\n Notes\n Questions for Reflection\n Chapter 8: When May the Government Wage War?\n The Government Should Never Wage War\n The Morality of Violence\n The Morality of War\n Civil Resistance Is Effective\n Dehorning Dilemmas\n Conclusion\n Notes\n The Government May Sometimes Wage War\n Clarifying Concepts\n Two Arguments for Waging War\n Just Criteria for Waging War\n Conclusion\n Notes\n Responses\n Response to Alexandra\n Common Ground\n Critiquing Arguments\n Conclusion\n Response to Cartagena\n The Paradoxical Institution of War\n Just Wars?\n Questions for Reflection\n Essay Suggestions\n For Further Reading\n On Political Philosophy Ggenerally\n On Distributive Justice\n The Ethics of War\nIndex