دانلود کتاب Processing of Polymers

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Cover
Half Title
Also if interest
Processing of Polymers
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1. Introduction to Polymers
1.1 The World of Polymers
Bibliography
2. Basic Chemistry of Polymers
2.1 What Are Polymers?
2.2 Polymer Categories
2.2.1 Polymer Microstructures
2.2.2 Lengths of Polymer Chains
2.2.3 Polymer Morphology
2.2.4 Polymer Behavior – Melting Point
2.2.5 Polymer Behavior – Mixing
2.3 Polymer Blends
2.4 Polymer Composites
2.5 Cellular Polymers
2.6 Engineered Plastics
2.7 Bioplastics
2.8 Important Common Polymers
2.9 Polymer Degradation
2.10 Polymer Waste Disposal
Bibliography
3. Types of Polymers
3.1 Common Polymers
3.1.1 Polyethylenes
3.1.2 Polystyrenes
3.1.3 Polypropylenes
3.1.4 Polycarbonates
3.1.5 Polyvinyl Chloride
3.1.6 Polyurethanes
3.1.7 Melamine Formaldehyde
3.1.8 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
Bibliography
4. Properties of Polymers
4.1 Importance of Properties
4.2 Thermal Properties
4.2.1 Thermal Diffusivity
4.2.2 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
4.2.3 Thermal Degradation
4.3 Mechanical Properties
4.3.1 Tensile Strength
4.3.2 Melting Point
4.3.3 Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
4.3.4 Glass Transition Temperature
4.3.5 Mixing Behavior
4.3.6 Polymer Degradation
4.3.7 Density
4.3.8 Fatigue Tests
4.4 Environmental Effects
4.4.1 Water Absorption
4.4.2 Chemical Degradation
4.5 Viscoelastic Materials
4.5.1 Density
4.5.2 Firmness
4.5.3 Time
4.5.4 Temperature
4.5.5 Humidity
4.6 Electrical Properties
4.7 Optical Properties
Bibliography
5. Additives for Polymers
5.1 What Are Polymer Additives?
5.2 Effects of Additives on Polymers
5.2.1 Plasticizing Agents
5.2.2 Pigments, Dyes and Masterbatches
5.2.3 Stabilizers
5.2.4 Lubricants
5.2.5 Blowing Agents
5.2.6 Catalysts
5.3 Influence of Additives During Processing
5.3.1 Discoloration and Degradation
5.3.2 Improving Molding Processability
5.3.3 Improving Durability
5.3.4 Use of Lubricants
5.4 Functions of Some Additives
5.4.1 Antioxidants
5.4.2 Antistatic Agents
5.4.3 Biodegradable Plasticizers
5.4.4 Blowing Agents
5.4.5 External Lubricants
5.4.6 Fillers/Extenders
5.4.7 Flame Retardants
5.4.8 Heat Stabilizers
5.4.9 Impact Modifiers
5.4.10 Light Stabilizers
5.4.11 Coloring Agents
5.4.12 Reinforcements
Bibliography
6. Useful Data for Processing Polymers
6.1 Important Parameters
6.2 Coloring of Polymers
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Theory of Colors
6.2.3 The Color Wheel
6.2.4 Primary Colors
6.2.5 Secondary Colors
6.2.6 Tertiary Colors
6.2.7 Warm and Cool Colors
6.2.8 Tints, Shades and Tones
6.3 Purging Colored Material from Production Machinery
6.3.1 Masterbatches
6.3.2 Universal Masterbatches
6.3.3 Liquid Colorants
6.3.3.1 Special Effects Liquid Colorants
6.3.4 Precolored Resins
6.3.5 Cube Blends
6.3.6 Colored Specialty Compounds
6.4 Electrical Power Calculations
6.5 Compressed Air
6.6 Water Requirements
6.7 Safety Factors
6.8 Quality Control
6.8.1 X–R Control Chart
6.8.2 P–Chart
6.8.3 An SPC System in Operation – An Example
6.9 Preventive Maintenance for Machinery and Equipment
6.10 Key Factors for a Processing Plant
6.11 In-House Laboratory
6.12 In-House Workshop
6.13 Granulators/Shredders for Recycling Plastic Wastes
Bibliography
7. Lean Processing for Efficiency and Profitability
7.1 The Concept of Lean
7.1.1 Identifying Value
7.1.2 Map the Value Stream
7.1.3 Creating Flow
7.1.4 Establish a Pull System
7.1.5 Constant Improvement
7.1.6 Lean Versus Six Sigma
7.2 Guidelines to Thinking Lean
7.2.1 What Are the Benefits?
7.2.2 Continuous Improvement Initiatives
7.2.3 Push–Pull System
7.2.4 Kanban System
Bibliography
8. Processing Systems for Polymers
8.1 Some Common Systems
8.2 Common Processing Systems for Thermoforming Resins
8.2.1 Extrusion
8.2.1.1 Some Types of Commercial Extruders
8.2.1.2 Co-Rotating Intermeshing Extruders
8.2.1.3 Counter-Rotating Nonintermeshing Extruders
8.2.1.4 Maintenance of Extruders
8.2.1.5 Some New Technologies in Extrusion
8.2.1.6 Recommended Shutdown Procedures
8.2.1.7 Recommended Restart Procedures
8.2.2 Injection Molding
8.2.2.1 Structural Web Injection Molding
8.2.2.2 Benefits of Structural Web Processes
8.2.2.3 Structural Foam Injection Molding
8.2.2.4 Hand-Operated Injection Molding
8.2.3 Blow Molding
8.2.4 Compression Molding
8.2.4.1 Transfer Molding
8.2.4.2 Applications
8.2.4.3 Molding Composites by Compression Molding
8.2.5 Dip Coating
8.2.5.1 Dip Coating Versus Dip Molding
8.2.5.2 Dip Coating Procedure
8.2.5.3 Hot Dip Coating in a Fluidized Bed
8.2.5.4 Hot Dip Coating in Vinyl Plastisol
8.2.5.5 Polymer Flock Spraying
8.2.6 Vacuum Forming
8.2.6.1 The Vacuum Forming Process
8.2.7 Direct Coating
8.2.8 Indirect Coating
8.2.9 Rotational Molding or Rotomolding
8.2.9.1 Solar-Powered Rotomolding Units
Bibliography
9. Processing of Liquid Polymer Foaming Systems
9.1 Foaming Liquid Polymers
9.1.1 Polyvinyl Chloride Plastisol
9.1.2 Low-Density Polyethylene Foam
9.1.3 Integral Skin Foam
9.1.4 Direct Molded Foam
Bibliography
10. Specialty Polymers and Polymeric Composites
10.1 What Are Specialty Polymers?
10.2 Applications of Specialty Polymers
10.3 Graphene – Properties, Processing and Applications in Brief
10.4 Graphene–Polymer Composites
10.5 Graphene Composites Can Reduce Atmospheric Pollutants
10.6 Fluoropolymer Specialty Insulation for Extreme Application Needs
10.7 Polyurethane Specialty Polymers
10.8 Electrical Conductivity of Conjugated Polymers
10.8.1 Flexible Conductive Film
10.8.2 Some Latest Automotive Specialty Polymers
10.9 Polymer Modified Bitumen
10.10 Reinforced Polymers with Coffee Chaff
10.11 Specialty Polymer Composites
10.12 Specialty Engineered Composites
10.13 Specialty Polymer Resins with Rice Hulls
10.13.1 Polymeric Composites with Rice Hulls for Injection Molding
10.13.2 Recommended Processing Guidelines
10.14 Expanded Polystyrene with Graphite
10.15 Polymeric Composites with Bamboo Fibers
10.16 New Polylactic (PLA) grade for 3D Printing
Bibliography
11. Three Manufacturing Processes for Important Products
11.1 Molded Expanded Polystyrene Products
11.1.1 Preexpansion and Aging
11.1.2 Curing Phase
11.1.3 Molding Process
11.1.4 Shape Molding
11.1.5 Fabrication
11.1.6 Some EPS Molded Products
11.1.7 Expanded Polystyrene Properties and Key Benefits
11.1.7.1 Key Benefits
11.1.7.2 Properties
11.1.8 EPS in Building Construction
11.1.9 Food Packaging
11.1.10 Industrial Packaging
11.1.11 Safety and Recyclability
11.1.12 Extruded Polystyrene Insulation
11.1.13 The Extrusion Process for XEPS
11.1.14 Insulation Properties of XEPS Boards
11.2 Manufacturing Plant for EPS Products for an Entrepreneur
11.2.1 The Products
11.2.2 Machinery and Equipment
11.2.3 Raw Material
11.2.4 Production Method
11.2.5 Fabrication
11.3 Manufacture of Polymeric Composite Resins
11.3.1 Technology in Brief
11.3.2 Raw Materials
11.3.3 Polymers
11.3.4 Rice Hulls
11.3.5 Additives
11.3.6 Processing Machinery and Equipment
11.4 Manufacture of PUR Flexible Foam Mattresses
11.4.1 The Raw Materials
11.4.2 Machinery and Equipment
11.4.3 Calculating Density
11.4.4 Calculating Indentation Force Deflection
11.5 PUR Flexible Foam Manufacturing Methods
11.5.1 Manual Operation
11.5.2 Molds
11.5.3 Cutting and Fabrication
11.5.4 Production Method
11.6 The Intermittent Process to Make Large Foam Blocks
11.6.1 Production Example – Intermittent Process
Bibliography
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Index