دانلود کتاب Product Design and Development

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Cover\nProduct Design and Development\nDedication\nAbout the Authors\nPreface\nAcknowledgments\nBrief Contents\nContents\nChapter 1: Introduction\n Characteristics of Successful Product Development\n Who Designs and Develops Products?\n Duration and Cost of Product Development\n The Challenges of Product Development\n Approach of This Book\n Structured Methods\n Industrial Examples\n Organizational Realities\n Roadmap of the Book\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Question\nChapter 2: Product Development Process and Organization\n The Product Development Process\n Concept Development: The Front-End Process\n Adapting the Generic Product Development Process\n Technology-Push Products\n Platform Products\n Process-Intensive Products\n Customized Products\n High-Risk Products\n Quick-Build Products\n Digital Products\n Product-Service Systems\n Complex Systems\n Product Development Process Flows\n The Tyco Product Development Process\n Product Development Organizations\n Organizations Are Formed by Establishing Links among Individuals\n Organizational Links May Be Aligned with Functions, Projects, or Both\n Choosing an Organizational Structure\n Distributed Product Development Teams\n The Tyco Product Development Organization\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 3: Opportunity Identification\n What Is an Opportunity?\n Types of Opportunities\n Tournament Structure of Opportunity Identification\n Effective Opportunity Tournaments\n Opportunity Identification Process\n Step 1: Establish a Charter\n Step 2: Generate and Sense Many Opportunities\n Techniques for Generating Opportunities\n Step 3: Screen Opportunities\n Step 4: Develop Promising Opportunities\n Step 5: Select Exceptional Opportunities\n Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 4: Product Planning\n The Product Planning Process\n Four Types of Product Development Projects\n The Process\n Step 1: Identify Opportunities\n Step 2: Evaluate and Prioritize Projects\n Competitive Strategy\n Market Segmentation\n Technological Trajectories\n Product Platform Planning\n Technology Roadmapping\n Evaluating Fundamentally New Product Opportunities\n Balancing the Portfolio\n Step 3: Allocate Resources and Plan Timing\n Resource Allocation\n Project Timing\n The Product Plan\n Step 4: Complete Pre-Project Planning\n Mission Statements\n Assumptions and Constraints\n Staffing and Other Pre-Project Planning Activities\n Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 5: Identifying Customer Needs\n The Importance of Latent Needs\n The Process of Identifying Customer Needs\n Step 1: Gather Raw Data from Customers\n Choosing Customers\n The Art of Eliciting Customer Needs Data\n Documenting Interactions with Customers\n Step 2: Interpret Raw Data in Terms of Customer Needs\n Step 3: Organize the Needs into a Hierarchy\n Step 4: Establish the Relative Importance of the Needs\n Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 6: Product Specifications\n What Are Specifications?\n When Are Specifications Established?\n Establishing Target Specifications\n Step 1: Prepare the List of Metrics\n Step 2: Collect Competitive Benchmarking Information\n Step 3: Set Ideal and Marginally Acceptable Target Values\n Step 4: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Setting the Final Specifications\n Step 1: Develop Technical Models of the Product\n Step 2: Develop a Cost Model of the Product\n Step 3: Refine the Specifications, Making Trade-Offs Where Necessary\n Step 4: Flow Down the Specifications as Appropriate\n Step 5: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\n Appendix: Target Costing\nChapter 7: Concept Generation\n The Activity of Concept Generation\n Structured Approaches Reduce the Likelihood of Costly Problems\n A Five-Step Method\n Step 1: Clarify the Problem\n Decompose a Complex Problem into Simpler Subproblems\n Focus Initial Efforts on the Critical Subproblems\n Step 2: Search Externally\n Interview Lead Users\n Consult Experts\n Search Patents\n Search Published Literature\n Benchmark-Related Products\n Step 3: Search Internally\n Both Individual and Group Sessions Can Be Useful\n Hints for Generating Solution Concepts\n Step 4: Explore Systematically\n Concept Classification Tree\n Concept Combination Table\n Managing the Exploration Process\n Step 5: Reflect on the Solutions and the Process\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 8: Concept Selection\n Concept Selection Is an Integral Part of the Product Development Process\n All Teams Use Some Method for Choosing a Concept\n A Structured Method Offers Several Benefits\n Overview of Methodology\n Concept Screening\n Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix\n Step 2: Rate the Concepts\n Step 3: Rank the Concepts\n Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts\n Step 5: Select One or More Concepts\n Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Concept Scoring\n Step 1: Prepare the Selection Matrix\n Step 2: Rate the Concepts\n Step 3: Rank the Concepts\n Step 4: Combine and Improve the Concepts\n Step 5: Select One or More Concepts\n Step 6: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Caveats\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\n Appendix A: Concept-Screening Matrix Example\n Appendix B: Concept-Scoring Matrix Example\nChapter 9: Concept Testing\n Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Concept Test\n Step 2: Choose a Survey Population\n Step 3: Choose a Survey Format\n Step 4: Communicate the Concept\n Matching the Survey Format with the Means of Communicating the Concept\n Issues in Communicating the Concept\n Step 5: Measure Customer Response\n Step 6: Interpret the Results\n Step 7: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\n Appendix: Estimating Market Sizes\nChapter 10: Product Architecture\n What Is Product Architecture?\n Types of Modularity\n When Is the Product Architecture Defined?\n Implications of the Architecture\n Product Change\n Product Variety\n Component Standardization\n Product Performance\n Manufacturability\n Product Development Management\n Establishing the Architecture\n Step 1: Create a Schematic of the Product\n Step 2: Cluster the Elements of the Schematic\n Step 3: Create a Rough Geometric Layout\n Step 4: Identify the Fundamental and Incidental Interactions\n Delayed Differentiation\n Platform Planning\n Differentiation Plan\n Commonality Plan\n Managing the Trade-Off between Differentiation and Commonality\n Related System-Level Design Issues\n Defining Secondary Systems\n Establishing the Architecture of the Chunks\n Creating Detailed Interface Specifications\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 11: Industrial Design\n What Is Industrial Design?\n Assessing the Need for Industrial Design\n Expenditures for Industrial Design\n How Important Is Industrial Design to a Product?\n User Experience Needs\n Aesthetic Needs\n The Impact of Industrial Design\n Is Industrial Design Worth the Investment?\n How Does Industrial Design Establish a Corporate Identity?\n The Industrial Design Process\n 1. Investigation of Customer Needs\n 2. Conceptualization\n 3. Preliminary Refinement\n 4. Further Refinement and Final Concept Selection\n 5. Control Drawings or Models\n 6. Coordination with Engineering, Manufacturing, and External Vendors\n Management of the Industrial Design Process\n Timing of Industrial Design Involvement\n Assessing the Quality of Industrial Design\n 1. Usability\n 2. Emotional Appeal\n 3. Ability to Maintain and Repair the Product\n 4. Appropriate Use of Resources\n 5. Product Differentiation\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 12: Design for Environment\n What Is Design for Environment?\n Two Life Cycles\n Environmental Impacts\n History of Design for Environment\n Herman Miller’s Journey toward Design for Environment\n The Design for Environment Process?\n Step 1: Set the DFE Agenda: Drivers, Goals, and Team\n Identify the Internal and External Drivers of DFE\n Set the DFE Goals\n Set Up the DFE Team\n Step 2: Identify Potential Environmental Impacts\n Step 3: Select DFE Guidelines\n Step 4: Apply the DFE Guidelines to the Initial Product Design\n Step 5: Assess the Environmental Impacts\n Compare the Environmental Impacts to DFE Goals\n Step 6: Refine the Product Design to Reduce or Eliminate the Environmental Impacts\n Step 7: Reflect on the DFE Process and Results\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 13: Design for Manufacturing and Supply Chain\n Design for Manufacturing and Supply Chain Defined\n DFM Requires a Cross-Functional Team\n DFM Is Performed throughout the Development Process\n Overview of the DFM Method\n Step 1: Consider the Strategic Sourcing Decisions\n Step 2: Estimate the Manufacturing Costs\n Cost of Goods\n Fixed Costs versus Variable Costs\n The Bill of Materials\n Estimating the Costs of Standard Components\n Estimating the Costs of Custom Components\n Estimating the Costs of Assembly\n Estimating the Overhead Costs\n Step 3: Reduce the Costs of Components\n Understand the Process Constraints and Cost Drivers\n Redesign Components to Eliminate Processing Steps\n Choose the Appropriate Economic Scale for the Part Process\n Standardize Components\n Adhere to “Black Box” Component Procurement\n Step 4: Reduce the Costs of Assembly\n Integrate Parts\n Maximize Ease of Assembly\n Consider Customer Assembly\n Step 5: Reduce the Costs of Supporting Production\n Minimize Systemic Complexity\n Error Proofing\n Step 6: Reduce the Costs of Logistics\n Here are some guidelines for minimizing volume\n Step 7: Consider the Impact of DFM Decisions on Other Factors\n The Impact of DFM on Development Time\n The Impact of DFM on Development Cost\n The Impact of DFM on Product Quality\n The Impact of DFM on the Larger Enterprise\n Results\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\n Appendix A: Materials Costs\n Appendix B: Component Manufacturing Costs\n Appendix C: Assembly Costs\n Appendix D: Cost Structures\nChapter 14: Prototyping\n Understanding Prototypes\n Types of Prototypes\n What Are Prototypes Used For?\n Principles of Prototyping\n Analytical Prototypes Are Generally More Flexible Than Physical Prototypes\n Physical Prototypes Are Required to Detect Unanticipated Phenomena\n A Prototype May Reduce the Risk of Costly Iterations\n A Prototype May Expedite Other Development Steps\n A Prototype May Restructure Task Dependencies\n Prototyping Technologies\n CAD Modeling and Analysis\n 3D Printing\n Planning for Prototypes\n Step 1: Define the Purpose of the Prototype\n Step 2: Establish the Level of Approximation of the Prototype\n Step 3: Outline an Experimental Plan\n Step 4: Create a Schedule for Procurement, Construction, and Testing\n Planning Milestone Prototypes\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 15: Robust Design\n What Is Robust Design?\n Design of Experiments\n The Robust Design Process\n Step 1: Identify Control Factors, Noise Factors, and Performance Metrics\n Step 2: Formulate an Objective Function\n Step 3: Develop the Experimental Plan\n Experimental Designs\n Testing Noise Factors\n Step 4: Run the Experiment\n Step 5: Conduct the Analysis\n Computing the Objective Function\n Computing Factor Effects by Analysis of Means\n Step 6: Select and Confirm Factor Setpoints\n Step 7: Reflect and Repeat\n Caveats\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\n Appendix : Orthogonal Arrays\nChapter 16: Patents and Intellectual Property\n What Is Intellectual Property?\n Overview of Patents\n Utility Patents\n Preparing a Disclosure\n Step 1: Formulate a Strategy and Plan\n Timing of Patent Applications\n Type of Application\n Scope of Application\n Step 2: Study Prior Inventions\n Step 3: Outline Claims\n Step 4: Write the Description of the Invention\n Figures\n Writing the Detailed Description\n Defensive Disclosure\n Step 5: Refine Claims\n Writing the Claims\n Guidelines for Crafting Claims\n Step 6: Pursue Application\n Step 7: Reflect on the Results and the Process\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\n Appendix A: Trademarks\n Appendix B: Advice to Individual Inventors\nChapter 17: Service Design\n Product-Service Systems\n In What Ways Are Services and Products Different?\n The Service Design Process\n The Service Concept\n Concept Development at Zipcar\n The Service Process Flow Diagram\n Subsequent Refinement\n Downstream Development Activities in Services\n Prototyping a Service\n Growing Services\n Continuous Improvement\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nChapter 18: Product Development Economics\n Elements of Economic Analysis\n Quantitative Analysis\n Qualitative Analysis\n When Should Economic Analysis Be Performed?\n Economic Analysis Process\n Step 1: Build a Base-Case Financial Model\n Estimate the Timing and Magnitude of Future Cash Inflows and Outflows\n Compute the Net Present Value of the Cash Flows\n Other Cash Flows\n Supporting Go/No-Go and Major Investment Decisions\n Step 2: Perform Sensitivity Analysis\n Development Cost Example\n Development Time Example\n Understanding Uncertainties\n Step 3: Use Sensitivity Analysis to Understand Trade-Offs\n Potential Interactions\n Trade-Off Rules\n Limitations of Quantitative Analysis\n Step 4: Consider the Influence of Qualitative Factors\n Projects Interact with the Firm, the Market, and the Macro Environment\n Carrying Out Qualitative Analysis\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\n Appendix A: Time Value of Money and the Net Present Value Technique\n Appendix B: Modeling Uncertain Cash Flows Using Net Present Value Analysis\nChapter 19: Project Management\n Understanding and Representing Tasks\n Sequential, Parallel, and Coupled Tasks\n The Design Structure Matrix\n Gantt Charts\n PERT Charts\n The Critical Path\n Baseline Project Planning\n The Contract Book\n Project Task List\n Team Staffing and Organization\n Project Schedule\n Project Budget\n Project Risk Plan\n Modifying the Baseline Plan\n Accelerating Projects\n Project Execution\n Coordination Mechanisms\n Assessing Project Status\n Corrective Actions\n Postmortem Project Evaluation\n Summary\n References and Bibliography\n Exercises\n Thought Questions\nIndex