دانلود کتاب Promoting clean urban public transportation and green investment in kyrgyzstan.

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Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Executive summary What will the Clean Public Transport Programme involve? What does it aim to achieve? How will it be run and financed? Creating the policy framework for green investment 1. Setting the scene for a green public investment programme 1.1. What are the main air pollution and climate change challenges? 1.2. What steps have already been taken? 1.3. What is this report about? Notes Bibliography Laws and regulations 2. Main elements of the Clean Public Transport Programme 2.1. What are the objectives of the Clean Public Transport Programme? 2.2. What will the programme involve? 2.2.1. Phase 1 (pilot phase) City of Bishkek City of Osh Summary of pilot phase 2.2.2. Phase 2 (scaling-up phase) 2.3. What will the costs and benefits be? 2.3.1. Renewed public transport fleet 2.3.2. Using the OPTIC Model to estimate costs and benefits 2.3.3. Emission reductions 2.3.4. Investment costs and financing options 2.4. What is the optimal co-financing level? 2.5. What will the implementation set-up be? 2.6. What will the timeframe look like? 2.7. Conclusions Notes Bibliography 3. Economic analysis of the Clean Public Transport Programme 3.1. Overview of clean technologies and fuels in the bus transport sector 3.1.1. Compressed natural gas (CNG) 3.1.2. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 3.1.3. Diesel with Euro 6/VI engines 3.1.4. Electricity 3.2. Main economic variables of Kyrgyzstan’s public transport 3.2.1. Energy market in the Kyrgyz Republic 3.2.2. Fuel prices 3.2.3. Domestic bus prices and fares 3.3. Sources and types of financing for investment projects 3.4. Conclusions for the CPT Programme Notes Bibliography 4. Institutional arrangements and policy framework 4.1. Institutional arrangements for managing public investment programmes 4.2. A proposed institutional set-up for the CPT Programme 4.2.1. Defining the programming entity 4.2.2. Deciding on an implementation unit 4.2.3. Appointing a technical support unit 4.3. Fundamental operating regulations 4.4. Promoting the programme 4.5. Eliminating policy distortions 4.5.1. Strengthen technical regulations in transport 4.5.2. Introduce adequate financial and pricing signals 4.5.3. Adjust the fare system for urban public transport 4.5.4. Change public tenders for providing public transport in urban centres 4.5.5. Encourage (energy) efficiency in public transport 4.6. Conclusions for the CPT Programme Notes Bibliography 5. Proposed procedures for project cycle management 5.1. Identifying and assessing projects 5.1.1. Project eligibility criteria 5.1.2. Project appraisal criteria 5.2. Preparing programmes 5.3. Financing projects 5.4. Controlling and monitoring project impacts 5.4.1. Performance indicators 5.4.2. Impact assessment 5.4.3. Maintaining a database of project and programme impacts 5.5. Conclusions for the CPT Programme Note 6. Macro-economic and environmental overview 6.1. Demographic and macro-economic situation 6.1.1. Geography, territorial division and demographic development 6.1.2. Political and macro-economic situation 6.1.3. Fossil fuel production and distribution 6.1.4. The electricity sector 6.1.5. The financial sector 6.2. Transport infrastructure in the Kyrgyz Republic 6.2.1. Passenger transport 6.2.2. Freight transport 6.2.3. Greenhouse gas emissions 6.2.4. Vehicle fleet 6.2.5. Public transport in Bishkek 6.2.6. Public transport in Osh 6.3. Greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution in the Kyrgyz Republic 6.3.1. Air pollution 6.3.2. Influence of air pollution from diesel engines on human health 6.4. Conclusions for the CPT Programme Notes Bibliography Laws and regulations 7. Policy and regulatory framework for the transport sector 7.1. Regulatory framework affecting urban public transport 7.1.1. The Law on Transport is the primary legal basis for the CPT Programme 7.1.2. Regulations for private carriers do not ensure safety 7.1.3. Traffic regulations in the Kyrgyz Republic have not increased road safety 7.1.4. Regulations for vehicle environmental safety do not meet international standards 7.1.5. The law on municipal property should be better enforced 7.1.6. Investment law provides equal treatment of foreign and national investors 7.1.7. Law on public-private partnerships provides scope for private sector involvement in CPT Programme 7.1.8. Local public administration law gives municipalities responsibility for urban public transport 7.1.9. The basic principles of budgetary law allow for financing the CPT Programme 7.1.10. The financial and economic basis of local government law allows for debt financing of investment programmes 7.1.11. The licensing law covers urban public transport 7.1.12. Under the Tax Code clean vehicles could be tax-exempt Value added tax 7.1.13. Customs regulations could exempt clean buses from import duties 7.1.14. Competition law and the need to increase public transport fares 7.1.15. Insurance laws should create the basis for functioning insurance systems 7.2. Regulatory framework for energy efficiency and fuel standards 7.3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection 7.4. Regulatory framework for air pollution 7.5. International agreements on climate change 7.6. Conclusions for the CPT Programme Notes Bibliography Laws and regulations Compressed natural gas vehicles Description Advantages Drawbacks Market penetration worldwide Liquified petroleum gas vehicles Description Advantages Drawbacks Market penetration worldwide Diesel vehicles with Euro VI engines Description Advantages Drawbacks Market penetration worldwide Electricity-powered public transport Description Advantages Drawbacks Market penetration worldwide Notes References Purpose of the OPTIC Model Preparations for using the OPTIC Model Assumptions Emissions factors Transport sector overview Determining the subsidy level Cost calculation Emission reductions calculation Programme costing and environmental effects Programme costing for Phase 1 (pilot phase) and Phase 2 (scaling-up phase) Sources of information used in the assumptions Emission factors Notes Annex A. Overview of clean technologies and fuels in the transport sector Annex B. Explanatory guide for using the OPTIC Model Annex C. Example of a project application form Annex D. Example of a project pre-appraisal form Annex E. Example of a project appraisal form Annex F. List of public transport routes in Bishkek (in Russian)