دانلود کتاب Psychiatric Vulnerability, Mood, and Anxiety Disorders: Tests and Models in Mice and Rats

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Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Animal Models of Mood and Anxiety Disorders: The Pursuit of Standardization and Recognition of the Complex Neurobio...
1 Introduction
References
Chapter 2: The Open Field Test
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Short Historical Overview
1.2 Ethogram in the Open Field
1.3 Biological Factors: Sex and Genetic Background
1.4 Environmental and Procedural Factors
1.5 Standardization and Reproducibility
1.6 Resources for Rigor and Reproducibility
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 Procedure
3.2 Results
3.3 Further Factors to Consider in the Experimental Design and Data Analysis
References
Chapter 3: The Light-Dark Box Test in the Mouse
1 Background and History
2 Material and Setup
3 Procedure
4 Anticipated Results
5 Experimental Variables and Troubleshooting
5.1 Experimental Conditions
5.1.1 Animals
5.2 Experimenter Interference
5.3 Interpretation of the Results
6 Conclusion
7 Notes
References
Chapter 4: The Olfactory Bulbectomized Rodent Remains a Valuable Preclinical Model of Depression and Antidepressant Activity
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Animals and Housing
2.2 OB and Sham Surgery: Equipment, Materials, and Setup
2.3 OB-Induced Hyperactivity and Assessing Antidepressant-Like Activity: Equipment, Materials, and Setup of Open Field Test
3 Methods
3.1 OB and Sham Surgery Procedure
3.2 Anticipated Results
3.3 OB-Induced Hyperactivity and Assessing Antidepressant-Like Activity
3.3.1 Open Field Test Procedure
3.3.2 Data Analysis and Anticipated Results
4 Notes
4.1 Surgical Procedure
4.2 Choice of Species: Rat vs. Mouse
4.2.1 Strain
4.2.2 Sex
4.2.3 Age
4.3 Housing Conditions
4.4 Handling
4.5 Group Size Selection
4.6 Open Field Dimensions, Shape, and Lighting
4.7 Designing a Behavioral Testing Battery
4.8 Assessing Antidepressant-Like Activity in the OB Model
4.9 Considerations for Experimental Design and Reporting
5 Troubleshooting
5.1 Incomplete Removal of the Olfactory Bulbs or Damage to the Frontal Cortex During OB Surgery
5.2 Irritability and Aggression Following OB
5.3 Inability to Detect OB-Induced Hyperactivity
5.4 Inability to Detect Reversal of OB-Induced Hyperactivity Following Treatment
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Marble Burying in Mice
1 Background and Historical Significance
2 Equipment, Materials, and Setup
2.1 Mice
2.2 Test Environment
2.3 Setup
2.4 Dependent Measures
3 Behavioral Procedure
3.1 Weighing and Administering Drugs or Non-pharmacological Manipulations
3.2 Testing
4 Data Analysis
5 Anticipated Results
6 Experimental Variables and Troubleshooting
6.1 Testing Time and Testing Environment
6.2 Training and Test Variations
6.3 Genotype Comparisons
6.4 Experimental Chambers
6.5 Statistical Power
7 Concluding Remarks
8 Notes
References
Chapter 6: How the Sucrose Preference Succeeds or Fails as a Measurement of Anhedonia
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Bottles and Scale
2.2 The Preparation of Sugar Solutions
2.3 Controlled Laboratory Environment
2.4 Animals and Group Randomization
3 Methods
3.1 Sucrose Test Parameters
3.2 Single Sucrose Preference Assessment
3.3 Repeated Sucrose Preference Assessment
4 Conclusions
5 Notes
References
Chapter 7: A Vogel Conflict Test Using Food Reinforcement in Mice
1 Background and Historical Significance
2 Equipment, Materials, and Setup
2.1 Mice
2.2 Test Environment
2.3 Setup
2.4 Dependent Measures
3 Behavioral Procedure
3.1 Day 1: Training
3.2 Day 2: Further Training
3.3 Day 3: Pharmacological Testing
3.4 No Punishment Controls
4 Data Analysis
5 Anticipated Results
6 Experimental Variables and Troubleshooting
6.1 Time of Experimental Sessions
6.2 Food Deprivation Levels
6.3 Training Variations
6.4 Test Variations
6.5 Genotype Comparisons
6.6 Experimental Chambers
6.7 Statistical Power
6.8 Use of No-punishment Control Group
6.9 Use of Food-Intake Controls
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Fear Conditioning in Laboratory Rodents
1 Background and Overview
2 Equipment, Materials, and Setup
2.1 The Conditioning Box
2.2 Additional Box(es) for Retention Test(s)
2.3 The Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
2.4 The Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
3 Measurement of the Conditioned Fear Response
3.1 Freezing Behavior
3.2 Potentiation of the Startle Response
4 Procedure
4.1 Basic Protocol
4.2 Some Exemplary Modifications of the Protocol
4.2.1 Modifications Before Fear Conditioning
4.2.2 Familiarization
4.2.3 Latent Inhibition
4.2.4 Modifications During Fear Conditioning
4.2.5 Modifications After Fear Conditioning
5 Data Analyses
6 Notes
6.1 Setting Up Contextual Fear Conditioning
6.2 Setting Up Cued Fear Conditioning
References
Chapter 9: Learned Helplessness in Rodents
1 Introduction
2 Learned Helplessness (LH)
2.1 Background and Historical Overview
2.2 Neurobiological Mechanisms
3 Validation
3.1 Construct Validity
3.2 Face Validity
3.3 Predictive Validity
4 LH in Rats
4.1 Methods
4.1.1 Subjects
4.1.2 Procedure
Equipment
Experimental Design
Pretest Section (PT)
Test Section (T)
4.1.3 Results and Analysis
4.1.4 Experimental Variables
4.1.5 Troubleshooting and Limitations
5 LH in Rats vs. LH in Mice
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Chronobiology of Mood States: Introducing Circadian Animal Models
1 Introduction
1.1 The Circadian System
1.2 Mood Disorders Accompanied by Circadian Rhythm Alterations: From Humans to Animal Models
1.2.1 Major Depression Disorder
1.2.2 Bipolar Disorder
1.2.3 Seasonal Affective Disorder
1.3 Circadian Disruptions and Mood Disorders in Humans and Animal Models
1.3.1 Jet Lag
1.3.2 Shift Work
1.3.3 Social Jet Lag
2 An Animal Model of Circadian Disturbances to Evaluate Mood-Related Behavior
2.1 Materials and Methods
2.1.1 Housing
2.1.2 Locomotion Recordings and Analyses
2.1.3 Jet-Lag Protocol
2.1.4 Circadian Rhythms Analysis
2.1.5 Light-Dark Box Test (LDB)
2.1.6 Novelty-Suppressed Feeding Test (NSF)
2.1.7 Forced Swim Test (FST)
3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Telemetry in Rats and Mice: Methodological Considerations and Example Studies of Stress and Anxiety in Ground-Base...
1 Background
2 Telemetry Basics
3 Telemetry vs. Cable Recording
4 Potential Disadvantages of Telemetry
5 Application of Telemetry to Behavioral Paradigms
6 Implantation Surgery and Recovery
6.1 Preoperative Procedures
6.2 Operative Procedures
6.3 Postoperative Period
6.4 Post-surgery Recovery Period
7 Sample Protocol for Examining Fear Conditioning in Inflight Stress Models
7.1 Background
7.2 Subjects
7.3 Experimental Procedure
7.4 Data Collected
8 Notes
9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Utility and Implementation of Oral Corticosteroid Exposure in Behavioral Neuroscience Research with Rodents
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 Oral Corticosterone Exposure in Rats and Mice
4 Notes
4.1 Time Considerations
4.2 Critical Parameters
4.3 Troubleshooting
5 Commentary/Conclusion
5.1 CORT Is Sufficient to Alter Molecular Targets Implicated in Depression and Antidepressant Efficacy and Modify Neuron Struc...
References
Chapter 13: Animal Models for Mania
1 Introduction
2 Animal Models of Bipolar Mania
2.1 Pharmacological Animal Models of Mania
2.1.1 Amphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity
2.1.2 Amphetamine + Chlordiazepoxide
2.1.3 Quinpirole (D2 Receptor Agonist)
2.1.4 Ouabain
2.2 Environmental Animal Models of Mania
2.2.1 Sleep Deprivation
2.2.2 Circadian Rhythm Disruptions
2.2.3 Resident-Intruder Paradigm
2.3 Genetic Animal Models of Mania
2.3.1 ClockΔ19 Mice
2.3.2 Glycogen Synthetase Kinase 3β Overexpressing Mice
2.3.3 Dopamine Transporter Knockdown Mice
2.3.4 SHANK3 Overexpressing Mice
2.3.5 Ankyrin G 3-Disrupted Mice
2.3.6 Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Modifier Unit KO Mice
2.3.7 Myshkin Mutant
2.3.8 GluR6 Knockout Mice
2.3.9 Forebrain-Specific Plcg1 Knockout Mice
2.3.10 ERK1 Knockout Mice
2.3.11 BDNF-Haploinsufficient Mice
2.3.12 Bcl-2 Heterozygous Knockout Mice
2.4 Strains with Intrinsic Mania-Like Behavior
2.4.1 Black Swiss Mice
2.4.2 Madison Mice
3 Animal Models of BD Displaying a Switch in Behavioral Phenotypes
3.1 Amphetamine Sensitization
3.2 D-Box-Binding Protein Knockout Mice
3.3 Inducible Cortical Overexpression of Dopamine D1 Receptor and Termination Thereof
4 Protocols
4.1 Circadian Rhythm Disruptions
4.1.1 Animals and Housing
4.1.2 Equipment
4.1.3 Time Considerations
4.1.4 Troubleshooting and Critical Parameters
4.2 Inducible Cortical Overexpression of Dopamine D1 Receptor and Termination Thereof
4.2.1 Animals and Housing
4.2.2 Equipment and Materials
4.2.3 Surgical Procedure
4.2.4 Doxycycline Treatment and Termination
4.2.5 Troubleshooting and Critical Parameters
References
Chapter 14: Social Behavior Testing in Mice: Social Interest, Recognition, and Aggression
1 Introduction
1.1 Why Study Social Behavior?
1.2 Social Interest
1.3 Social Recognition
1.4 Social Interaction and Aggression
2 General Notes on Social Behavior Testing
2.1 Behavior Room and Personnel
2.2 Lighting Conditions and Husbandry
2.3 Characteristics of Subject Mice
2.4 Characteristics of Stimulus Mice
3 Three-Chamber Social Approach and Social Novelty Paradigm
3.1 Setup and Organization
3.1.1 Animals
3.1.2 Apparati
3.1.3 Side Preference Pretest
3.2 Procedure
3.2.1 Preparation, Acclimation, and Habituation
3.2.2 Social Approach
3.2.3 Social Novelty
3.3 Video Acquisition, Outcome Measures, and Statistical Analysis
3.3.1 Video Acquisition
3.3.2 Outcome Measures
3.3.3 Statistical Analysis
3.4 Tips and Troubleshooting
3.4.1 Stress Effects on Social Approach Behavior
3.4.2 Acclimation of Anxious Mice
3.4.3 Environmentally Induced Variability
3.4.4 Counterbalancing and Simultaneous Testing of Multiple Animals
4 Social Recognition
4.1 Setup and Organization
4.1.1 Room Setup and Lighting
4.1.2 Apparati
4.2 Procedure
4.2.1 Preparation and Acclimation
4.2.2 Habituation and Dishabituation Trials
4.3 Outcome Measures and Statistical Analysis
4.3.1 Outcome Measures
4.3.2 Statistical Analysis
4.4 Tips and Troubleshooting
4.4.1 Lineage and Strain of Stimulus Mice
4.4.2 Simultaneous Testing of Multiple Animals
5 Resident-Intruder Test of Free Social Interaction
5.1 Setup and Organization
5.1.1 Animals
5.1.2 Apparati
5.2 Procedure
5.3 Outcome Measures and Statistical Analysis
5.3.1 Outcome Measures
5.3.2 Ethological Behavioral Analysis
5.3.3 Statistical Analysis
5.4 Tips and Troubleshooting
6 Scoring Social Behavior
6.1 Manual Scoring with Stopwatch and/or Tally Counter
6.2 Manual Scoring with Software
6.3 Automated Tracking Software
6.4 Deep Learning Software
7 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Rodent Models for Studying the Impact of Variation in Early Life Mother-Infant Interactions on Mood and Anxiety
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Animals
2.2 Animal Facility
2.3 Housing and Husbandry
2.4 Mating
2.5 Postpartum Monitoring and Husbandry
2.6 Implementing the LBN Manipulation
3 Methods
3.1 Live Observation of Maternal Behavior
3.2 Manual Scoring of Maternal Behavior from Video Recordings
3.3 Observing Maternal Behavior During LBN
3.4 Machine Learning Approach to Video Processing of Recorded Maternal Behavior
4 Data Analysis
4.1 Identifying Patterns of Maternal Behavior
4.2 Using Multilevel Modeling in Studies of Maternal Behavior
5 Notes
5.1 Low Levels of Maternal Behavior with Minimal Variation
5.2 Outliers in Maternal and Offspring Behavior
5.3 High Levels of Mortality
5.4 Avoiding Observer Effects
5.5 Making Fine-Tuned Behavioral Distinctions
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 16: Principles of Recording Rodent Ultrasonic Vocalizations
1 Why Rodents Vocalize?
2 Biological Functions of Vocalizations
3 Vocalizations as Emotional Expressions
4 What Does Emission of Ultrasonic Calls Indicate?
5 Physical Characteristics of Animal Ultrasounds
6 Recording Procedure of Ultrasonic Vocalizations
7 Technical Arrangement of Recording
8 Parameters Controlling Data Acquisition Process
8.1 Gain Parameter
8.2 Sampling Rate and Buffer Size Parameters
8.3 Digital Input Filters Parameters
8.4 Recoding Mode Parameter
8.5 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Parameters
8.6 Functions Used to Enhance FFT Calculations
9 Behavioral Conditions of Recordings
10 Basic Characteristics of Rat Ultrasonic Vocalizations
11 Basic Characteristics of Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations
12 Concluding Remarks
13 Notes
References
Chapter 17: Development of a Selectively-Bred Mouse Model of Dominance and Submissiveness: Technical Considerations
1 Background
2 Historical Overview of DSR Testing
3 Selective Breeding Protocol
3.1 Rationale for the Selection of the Sabra Mouse Strain
3.2 DSR Procedure for Selective Breeding
3.3 Confirmation of the Behavioral Phenotypes of the Selectively-Bred Mice
3.3.1 Confirmation of Dom-Sub Phenotypes with the Resident-Intruder Test (RIT)
3.3.2 Influence of Social Interactions on the Behavior of Dominant and Submissive Mice
3.3.3 Monitoring Behavior of Dom and Sub Mice with the Forced Swim Test (FST)
3.3.4 Confirmation of the Behavioral Characteristics of Dom and Sub Mice Using the Three-Chamber Test (TCT)
3.3.5 Assessment of the Alterations in Social Defeat-Induced Hierarchical Status
4 Dom and Sub Mice as a Valuable Basis for Prospective Research Directions
4.1 Assessment of Stress-Coping Abilities
4.2 Response to Psychotropic Agents
4.3 The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Role in Innate Stress Responsiveness
5 Notes (Recommendations, Guidance, and Troubleshooting)
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Prediction of Susceptibility/Resilience Toward Animal Models of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
1 Introduction
1.1 Animal Models of Resilience and Susceptibility to Develop PTSD-Like Symptoms
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 Experimental Design
3.2 Behavioral Scoring
3.3 Data Analyses: Screening of Susceptible and Resilient Rats
4 Notes
References
Index