دانلود کتاب Psychological Testing and Assessment. An Introduction to Tests and Measurement

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Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
PART I: An Overview
1 Psychological Testing and Assessment
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
Psychological Testing and Assessment Defined
THE TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
The Test
The Interview
The Portfolio
Case History Data
Behavioral Observation
Role-Play Tests
Computers as Tools
Other Tools
WHO, WHAT, WHY, HOW, AND WHERE?
Who Are the Parties?
In What Types of Settings Are Assessments Conducted, and Why?
How Are Assessments Conducted?
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources
CLOSE-UP Behavioral Assessment Using Smartphones
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Alan Ogle
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Everyday Accommodations
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
2 Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
The Twentieth Century
CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT
Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues
Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
Tests and Group Membership
LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The Concerns of the Public
The Concerns of the Profession
The Rights of Testtakers
CLOSE-UP The Controversial Career of Henry Herbert Goddard
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Neil Krishan Aggarwal
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Life-or-Death Psychological Assessment
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
PART II: The Science of Psychological Measurement
3 A Statistics Refresher
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal Scales
Ordinal Scales
Interval Scales
Ratio Scales
Measurement Scales in Psychology
DESCRIBING DATA
Frequency Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
Skewness
Kurtosis
THE NORMAL CURVE
The Area Under the Normal Curve
STANDARD SCORES
z Scores
T Scores
Other Standard Scores
CORRELATION AND INFERENCE
The Concept of Correlation
The Pearson r
The Spearman Rho
Graphic Representations of Correlation
Meta-Analysis
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Consumer (of Graphed Data), Beware!
CLOSE-UP The Normal Curve and Psychological Tests
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Joni L. Mihura
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
4 Of Tests and Testing
SOME ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist
Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States Can Be Quantified and Measured
Assumption 3: Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior
Assumption 4: All Tests Have Limits and Imperfections
Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error Are Part of the Assessment Process
Assumption 6: Unfair and Biased Assessment Procedures Can Be Identified and Reformed
Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Offer Powerful Benefits to Society
WHAT\'S A \"GOOD TEST\"?
Reliability
Validity
Other Considerations
NORMS
Sampling to Develop Norms
Types of Norms
Fixed Reference Group Scoring Systems
Norm-Referenced versus Criterion-Referenced Evaluation
Culture and Inference
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Putting Tests to the Test
CLOSE-UP How \"Standard\" Is Standard in Measurement?
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Steve Julius and Dr. Howard W. Atlas
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
5 Reliability
MEASUREMENT ERROR
TRUE SCORES VERSUS CONSTRUCT SCORES
THE CONCEPT OF RELIABILITY
Sources of Error Variance
RELIABILITY ESTIMATES
Test-Retest Reliability Estimates
Parallel-Forms and Alternate-Forms Reliability Estimates
Split-Half Reliability Estimates
Other Methods of Estimating Internal Consistency
Measures of Inter-Scorer Reliability
USING AND INTERPRETING A COEFFICIENT OF RELIABILITY
The Purpose of the Reliability Coefficient
The Nature of the Test
The True Score Model of Measurement and Alternatives to It
RELIABILITY AND INDIVIDUAL SCORES
The Standard Error of Measurement
The Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Scores
CLOSE-UP Psychology\'s Replicability Crisis
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Importance of the Method Used for Estimating Reliability
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Bryce B. Reeve
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
6 Validity
THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY
Face Validity
Content Validity
CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY
What Is a Criterion?
Concurrent Validity
Predictive Validity
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
Evidence of Construct Validity
VALIDITY, BIAS, AND FAIRNESS
Test Bias
Test Fairness
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Adam Shoemaker
CLOSE-UP The Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Individual Differences in Constructive versus Unconstructive Worry
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Adjustment of Test Scores by Group Membership: Fairness in Testing or Foul Play?
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
7 Utility
WHAT IS TEST UTILITY?
Factors That Affect a Test\'s Utility
UTILITY ANALYSIS
What Is a Utility Analysis?
How Is a Utility Analysis Conducted?
Some Practical Considerations
METHODS FOR SETTING CUT SCORES
The Angoff Method
The Known Groups Method
IRT-Based Methods
Other Methods
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Delphine Courvoisier
CLOSE-UP Utility Analysis: An Illustration
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Utility of Police Use of Body Cameras
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
8 Test Development
TEST CONCEPTUALIZATION
Some Preliminary Questions
Pilot Work
TEST CONSTRUCTION
Scaling
Writing Items
Scoring Items
TEST TRYOUT
What Is a Good Item?
ITEM ANALYSIS
The Item-Difficulty Index
The Item-Reliability Index
The Item-Validity Index
The Item-Discrimination Index
Item-Characteristic Curves
Other Considerations in Item Analysis
Qualitative Item Analysis
TEST REVISION
Test Revision as a Stage in New Test Development
Test Revision in the Life Cycle of an Existing Test
The Use of IRT in Building and Revising Tests
INSTRUCTOR-MADE TESTS FOR IN-CLASS USE
Addressing Concerns About Classroom Tests
CLOSE-UP Creating and Validating a Test of Asexuality
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Scott Birkeland
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Adapting Tools of Assessment for Use with Specific Cultural Groups
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
PART III: The Assessment of Intelligence
9 Intelligence and Its Measurement
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
Perspectives on Intelligence
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE
Some Tasks Used to Measure Intelligence
Some Tests Used to Measure Intelligence
ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE
Culture and Measured Intelligence
The Flynn Effect
The Construct Validity of Tests of Intelligence
A PERSPECTIVE
CLOSE-UP Factor Analysis
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rebecca Anderson
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): A Test You Can Take
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
10 Assessment for Education
THE ROLE OF TESTING AND ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION
THE CASE FOR AND AGAINST EDUCATIONAL TESTING IN THE SCHOOLS
THE COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS
Response to Intervention (RtI)
Dynamic Assessment
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
Measures of General Achievement
Measures of Achievement in Specific Subject Areas
APTITUDE TESTS
The Preschool Level
The Elementary-School Level
The Secondary-School Level
The College Level and Beyond
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Reading Tests
Math Tests
PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL TEST BATTERIES
The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition Normative Update (KABC-II NU)
The Woodcock-Johnson IV (WJ IV)
OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS
Performance, Portfolio, and Authentic Assessment
Peer Appraisal Techniques
Measuring Study Habits, Interests, and Attitudes
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Common Core Controversy
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Eliane Keyes, M.A.
CLOSE-UP Educational Assessment: An Eastern Perspective
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
PART IV: The Assessment of Personality
11 Personality Assessment: An Overview
PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Personality
Personality Assessment
Traits, Types, and States
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: SOME BASIC QUESTIONS
Who?
What?
Where?
How?
DEVELOPING INSTRUMENTS TO ASSESS PERSONALITY
Logic and Reason
Theory
Data Reduction Methods
Criterion Groups
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND CULTURE
Acculturation and Related Considerations
CLOSE-UP The Personality of Gorillas
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Some Common Item Formats
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rick Malone
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
12 Personality Assessment Methods
OBJECTIVE METHODS
How Objective Are Objective Methods of Personality Assessment?
PROJECTIVE METHODS
Inkblots as Projective Stimuli
Pictures as Projective Stimuli
Words as Projective Stimuli
Sounds as Projective Stimuli
The Production of Figure Drawings
Projective Methods in Perspective
BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT METHODS
The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How of It
Varieties of Behavioral Assessment
Issues in Behavioral Assessment
A PERSPECTIVE
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Monica Webb Hooper
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Confessions of a Behavior Rater
CLOSE- UP General (g) and Specific (s) Factors in the Diagnosis of Personality Disorders
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
PART V: Testing and Assessment in Action
13 Clinical and Counseling Assessment
AN OVERVIEW
The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
The Interview in Clinical Assessment
Case History Data
Psychological Tests
CULTURALLY INFORMED PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Cultural Aspects of the Interview
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL MEASURES
The Assessment of Addiction and Substance Abuse
Forensic Psychological Assessment
Diagnosis and evaluation of emotional injury
Profiling
Custody Evaluations
CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
Elder Abuse and Neglect
Suicide Assessment
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORT
The Barnum Effect
Clinical Versus Mechanical Prediction
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Stephen Finn
CLOSE-UP PTSD in Returning Veterans and Military Culture
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Measuring Financial Competency
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
14 Neuropsychological Assessment
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR
Neurological Damage and the Concept of Organicity
THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION
When a Neuropsychological Evaluation Is Indicated
General Elements of a Neuropsychological Evaluation
The Physical Examination
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
Tests of General Intellectual Ability
Tests to Measure the Ability to Abstract
Tests of Executive Function
Tests of Perceptual, Motor, and Perceptual-Motor Function
Tests of Verbal Functioning
Tests of Memory
Neuropsychological Test Batteries
OTHER TOOLS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Jeanne P. Ryan
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Medical Diagnostic Aids and Neuropsychological Assessment
CLOSE-UP A Typical In-Office Dementia Evaluation
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
15 Assessment, Careers, and Business
CAREER CHOICE AND CAREER TRANSITION
The Structure of Vocational Interests
Measures of Interest
Measures of Ability and Aptitude
Measures of Personality
Other Measures
SCREENING, SELECTION, CLASSIFICATION, AND PLACEMENT
The Résumé and the Letter of Application
The Application Form
Letters of Recommendation
Interviews
Portfolio Assessment
Performance Tests
Physical Tests
COGNITIVE ABILITY, PRODUCTIVITY, AND MOTIVATION MEASURES
Measures of Cognitive Ability
Productivity
Motivation
JOB SATISFACTION, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Job Satisfaction
Organizational Commitment
Organizational Culture
OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT FOR BUSINESS APPLICATIONS
Consumer Psychology
The Measurement of Attitudes
Surveys
Motivation Research Methods
MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Jed Yalof
EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS): Assessment and Psychometrics in Action
SELF-ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
Name Index
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Glossary/Index
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Timeline