دانلود کتاب Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology

فهرست مطالب :

Cover
Contents
1. Chemistry
1.1 The liver
1.1.1 Liver function tests
1.1.1.1 Aspartate aminotransferase & alanine aminotransferase (liver transaminases)
1.1.1.2 Lactate dehydrogenase
1.1.1.3 Alkaline phosphatase
1.1.1.8 Prothrombin time (PT)
1.1.1.9 Gammaglobulins
1.1.2 Neonatal jaundice t1.5
1.2 The pancreas
1.2.1 Pancreatic enzymes
1.2.1.1 Amylase
1.2.1.2 Lipase
1.2.2 Tests of pancreatic exocrine function
1.2.2.1 Secretincholecystokinin test
1.2.2.2 Noninvasive tests
1.3 The heart
1.3.1 Myocardial markers
1.3.1.1 Cardiac enzymes
1.3.1.2 Troponin
1.3.1.3 Myoglobin
1.3.1.4 B type natriuretic peptide
1.3.2 Acute coronary syndrome/Acute myocardial infarction
1.3.3 Myocarditis
1.4 Proteins
1.4.1 Major serum proteins t1.7
1.4.1.1 Albumin
1.4.1.2 Prealbumin
1.4.1.3 c^-antitrypsin (AAT)
1.4.1.4 d-j-acid glycoprotein
1.4.1.5 a2-macroglobulin
1.4.1.6 Ceruloplasmin
1.4.1.7 Haptoglobin
1.4.1.8 Transferrin
1.4.1.9 Fibrinogen
1.4.1.10 C reactive protein
1.4.2 Patterns in serum protein electrophoresis
1.4.2.1 Normal serum f1.2
1.4.2.2 Bisalbuminemia
1.4.2.3 a^antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency f1.3
1.4.2.4 Nephrotic syndrome
1.4.2.5 Acute inflammation f1.4
1.4.2.6 P-Y bridging
1.4.2.7 Monoclonal gammopathy f1.5-f1.8
1.4.3 CSF protein electrophoresis
1.4.4 Urine protein electrophoresis f1.10
1.4.4.1 Glomerular proteinuria pattern
1.4.4.3 Overflow proteinuria pattern
1.4.4.2 Tubular proteinuria pattern
1.4.5 Cryoglobulinemia
1.4.5.1 Cryoglobulins
1.4.5.2 Mixed cryoglobulinemia (types II & III)
1.4.6 Laboratory methods
1.4.6.1 Protein electrophoresis
1.4.6.2 Immunofixation & immunotyping
1.5 Acid-base & electrolytes
1.5.1 Sodium
1.5.1.1 Hyponatremia
1.5.1.2 Hypernatremia
1.5.2 Potassium
1.5.2.1 Potassium measurement
1.5.2.2 Hypokalemia
1.5.2.3 Hyperkalemia
1.5.3 Calcium
1.5.3.1 Calcium measurement
1.5.3.2 Hypercalcemia
1.5.3.3 Hypocalcemia t1.11
1.5.4 Acid-base disorders
1.5.4.1 Definitions
1.5.4.2 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
1.5.4.3 Methods
1.5.4.4 Classifying an acid-base disorder
1.5.6 Renal function
1.5.6.1 Renal function tests
1.5.7 Laboratory screening for chronic kidney disease
1.5.8 Laboratory evaluation in acute renal failure
1.6 Laboratory tests in pregnancy
1.6.1 Amniotic fluid bilirubin
1.6.2 Human chorionic gonadotropin
1.6.3 Prenatal screening for trisomy & neural tube defects
1.6.4 Assessing risk of preterm birth
1.6.5 Determination of fetal lung maturity
1.6.6 Laboratory evaluation of diseases in pregnancy
1.6.6.1 Physiologic changes & altered reference ranges in
1.6.6.2 Medical conditions of particular importance in pregnancy
1.7 Toxicology
1.7.1 Pharmacokinetics
1.7.1.1 Half-life
1.7.1.2 Free vs bound
1.7.1.3 Volume of distribution (Vd)
1.7.2 Drugs of abuse screening (forensic toxicology)
1.7.2.1 Cocaine
1.7.2.2 Opiates
1.7.2.3 Barbiturates
1.7.2.4 Amphetamines and methamphetamine
1.7.2.5 Phencyclidine
1.7.2.6 Ethanol
1.7.3 Overdose
1.7.3.1 General aspects of laboratory evaluation
1.7.3.2 Toxic alcohol (ethylene glycol, methanol & isopropyl alcohol) poisoning t1.23
1.7.3.3 Lead poisoning (plumbism)
1.7.3.4 Carbon monoxide poisoning t1.24
1.7.3.5 Acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning
1.7.3.6 Cyanide poisoning
1.7.3.7 Salicylate (aspirin)
1.7.3.8 Arsenic
1.7.3.9 Tricyclic antidepressants
1.7.3.10 Organophosphates & carbamates
1.7.3.11 Mercury
1.7.4 Therapeutic drug monitoring
1.7.4.1 Digoxin
1.7.4.2 Procainamide
1.7.4.3 Aminoglycosides
1.8 Lipids & carbohydrates
1.8.1 Lipids
1.8.1.1 Brief review of lipids
1.8.1.2 Methods
1.8.1.3 Lipid disorders
1.8.2 Carbohydrates
1.8.2.2 Hypoglycemia
1.8.2.3 Types of diabetes mellitus
1.8.2.4 Diagnosis & monitoring
1.8.2.5 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
1.8.2.6 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
1.9 Tumor markers
1.9.1 Prostate specific antigen
1.9.1.1 Prostate cancer screening
1.9.1.2 Adjunctive PSA indices
1.9.2 Colorectal carcinoma screening and CEA
1.9.3 Thyroglobulin
1.9.4 Cancer antigen 125
1.9.5 CA27.29 & 15-3
1.9.6 CA19-9
1.9.7 a fetoprotein
1.9.8 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
1.9.9 p2 microglobulin
1.9.10 Alkaline phosphatase
1.9.11 Markers of neuroendocrine tumors
1.9.11.1 Carcinoid tumors
1.9.11.2 Markers of medullary thyroid carcinoma
1.9.11.3 Paraganglioma & pheochromocytoma
1.9.11.4 Neuroblastoma
1.9.12 Urine markers for urothelial carcinoma
1.10 Endocrine
1.10.1 Thyroid chemistry
1.10.1.1 Thyroid function tests (TFTs) t1.32
1.10.1.2 Hyperthyroidism
1.10.1.3 Hypothyroidism
1.10.1.4 Neonatal hypothyroidism
1.10.1.5 Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (euthyroid sick syndrome)
1.10.1.6 Exogenous estrogens
1.10.1.7 Medications
1.10.2 Adrenal cortex
1.10.2.1 Tests
1.10.2.2 Cushing syndrome (hypercortisolism)
1.10.2.3 Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)
1.10.2.4 Secondary adrenal insufficiency
1.10.2.5 Primary aldosteronism
1.10.2.6 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia t1.33
1.10.2.7 Renal artery stenosis
1.10.3 Pituitary
1.10.3.1 Growth hormone
1.10.3.2 Follicle stimulating hormone & leutinizing hormone
1.10.3.3 Prolactin
1.10.3.4 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
1.10.3.5 Antidiuretic hormone
1.11 Postmortem chemistries
1.11.1 Samples
1.11.2 Analytes
1.11.2.1 Glucose
1.11.2.2 BUN & creatinine
1.11.2.3 Sodium & chloride
1.11.2.4 Potassium
1.11.2.5 Digoxin
1.11.2.6 Tryptase & the postmortem diagnosis of anaphylaxis
1.12 Body fluids
1.12.1 Urine
1.12.1.1 Macroscopic examination
1.12.1.2 Urine chemistry
1.12.1.2.1 Glucose
1.12.1.3 Bilirubin & urobilinogen
1.12.1.4 Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
1.12.1.5 Urine microscopy
1.12.1.6 Urine microscopy in the patient with acute renal failure
1.12.2 Cerebrospinal fluid
1.12.2.1 Cerebrospinal fluid chemistry
1.12.2.2 Cerebrospinal fluid microscopy
1.12.3 Pleural fluid
1.12.3.1 Pleural fluid chemistry
1.12.3.2 Pleural fluid microscopy
1.12.4 Peritoneal fluid (ascites fluid)
1.12.4.1 Peritoneal fluid chemistry
1.12.4.2 Peritoneal fluid microscopy
1.12.5 Synovial fluid
1.12.5.1 Synovial fluid chemistry
1.12.5.2 Synovial fluid microscopy
1.13 Selected readings
Books
Additional journals
2. Blood Banking/Transfusion Medicine
2.1 Blood donation
2.1.1 Donor history & physical examination t2.1, t2.2
2.1.1.1 Registration & donor identification
2.1.1.2 History & physical
2.1.2 Autologous donor requirements
2.1.3 Apheresis donor requirements
2.1.3.1 Plasmapheresis
2.1.3.2 Plateletpheresis
2.1.3.3 For RBC apheresis & multicomponent donations
2.1.4 Blood obtained from therapeutic phlebotomy
2.1.5 Collecting blood from donor
2.1.5.1 Information given to donor
2.1.5.2 Blood collection system
2.1.5.3 Volume drawn
2.1.5.4 After collection
2.1.5.5 Donor adverse reactions t2.3
2.1.6 Laboratory testing of donor blood
2.1.6.1 ABO & Rh testing
2.1.6.2 Antibody screen
2.1.6.3 Infectious disease screening
2.2 Pretransfusion procedures t2.6
2.2.1 Routine pretransfusion procedures
2.2.1.1 Blood collection from recipient
2.2.1.2 ABO & Rh testing of recipient blood
2.2.1.3 The antibody screen
2.2.1.4 Comparison with prior transfusion records
Pretransfusion procedures>Routine pretransfusion procedures
2.2.1.5 The crossmatch
2.2.1.6 Selection of compatible products t2.7-t2.9
2.2.1.7 Visual inspection of blood prior to issue
2.2.1.8 Transfusion
2.2.1.9 Pediatric considerations
2.2.2 Nonroutine pretransfusion procedures: positive antibody screen or crossmatch
2.2.2.1 The reagent red cell panel t2.10
2.2.2.3 The nonroutine panel
2.2.2.4 Special techniques
2.2.2.5 Likelihood of finding compatible blood
2.2.2.6 The positive crossmatch
2.2.2.7 Illustrative nonroutine cases t2.14, t2.15
2.2.2.8 Other unusual findings
2.2.3 Autoantibodies in the blood bank
2.2.3.1 When to consider autoantibody
2.2.3.2 Warm reacting autoantibodies
2.2.3.3 Cold reacting autoantibodies t2.17
2.2.3.4 Mixed type autoantibodies
2.2.3.5 Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) t2.18
2.2.3.6 Blood banking considerations with a cold autoantibody
2.2.37 Mechanisms of drug induced positive DAT t2.19
2.3 Transfusion in special clinical circumstances
2.3.1 Transfusion in sickle cell disease
2.3.1.1 Unique considerations
2.3.1.2 ASPEN syndrome
2.3.1.3 Indications for emergency transfusion/exchange transfusion in sickle cell disease
2.3.1.4 Indications for elective chronic transfusion
2.3.1.5 Alloimmunization in multiply transfused sickle cell patients
2.3.2 Shock: fluid resuscitation,
emergency release & massive transfusion
2.3.2.1 Shock caused by acute blood loss
t2.20
2.3.2.2 Principles of fluid resuscitation t2.21
2.3.2.3 Emergency release
2.3.2.4 Massive transfusion
2.4 Therapeutic apheresis
2.4.1 Definition
2.4.2 Indications
2.4.3 Replacement fluid
2.4.4 Vascular access
2.4.5 Medication interactions
2.5 Neonatal & intrauterine transfusion
2.5.1 Special blood requirements for neonatal & intrauterine transfusion
2.5.1.1 Red cells for intrauterine or neonatal exchange transfusion
2.5.1.2 Plasma or plasma containing products (platelets)
2.5.2 Maternal immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
2.5.2.1 There is a risk of neonatal thrombocytopenia
2.5.2.2 Management
2.5.3 Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT)
2.5.3.1 Caused by maternal antiplatelet alloantibodies that cross the placenta & cause destruction of fetal platelets
2.5.3.2 NAIT can affect the first pregnancy
2.5.3.3 Management
2.5.4 Hemolytic disease of the fetus & newborn (HDF/HDN)
2.5.4.1 Rh HDF/HDN
t2.26
2.5.4.2 Non-Rh HDF/HDN
2.5.4.3 Lab testing for HDF/HDN
2.6 Blood components t2.29
2.6.1 Red blood cell components
2.6.1.1 Preparation & storage
2.6.1.2 Storage lesion
2.6.1.3 Transport and reissue
2.6.1.4 Whole blood
2.6.1.5 Frozen red blood cells
2.6.1.6 Indications
2.6.1.7 Contraindications
2.6.2 Platelets
2.6.2.1 Preparation & storage
2.6.2.2 Indications
2.6.2.3 Contraindications
2.6.2.4 Dosing
2.6.2.5 Prevention of platelet transmitted infection
2.6.3 Granulocyte concentrates
2.6.3.1 Preparation & storage
2.6.3.2 Indications
2.6.3.3 Dosing
2.6.4 Plasma
2.6.4.1 Preparation & storage
2.6.4.2 Indications
2.6.4.3 Dosing
2.6.5 Cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor (cryoprecipitate or cryo)
2.6.5.1 Preparation & storage
2.6.5.2 Indications
2.6.5.3 Dosing
2.6.6 Selected plasma derivatives
2.6.6.1 Rh immune globulin (Rhlg)
2.6.6.2 Factor VII concentrate
2.6.6.3 Factor VIII (fVIII) concentrate
2.6.6.4 Factor IX (fIX) concentrate
2.6.7 Manipulated products
2.6.7.1 Irradiated products
2.67.2 Leukoreduced products
2.67.3 Washed products
2.7 Blood group antigens
2.7.1 ABO & the carbohydrate antigens
27.1.1 Antigens
2.7.1.2 ABO phenotypes
2.7.1.3 Review of the relationship of Le, Se, H, I, i & ABO
2.7.1.4 ABO antibodies
2.7.2 P/GLOB blood group
2.7.2.1 Antigens & phenotypes
27.2.2 Antibodies
2.7.3 Rh
2.7.3.1 Rh antigens & phenotypes
2.7.3.2 Rh antibodies
2.7.4 Kidd blood group system
2.7.4.1 Kidd antigen
2.7.4.2 Kidd antibodies
2.7.5 Duffy
2.7.5.1 Duffy antigens
27.5.2 Duffy antibodies
2.7.6 MNS system
2.7.6.1 MNS antigens
27.6.2 MNS antibodies
2.7.7 Kell blood group
2.77.1 Kell antigens
2.11.2 Kell antibodies
2.7.8 Lutheran
2.7.8.1 Lutheran antigens
2.7.8.2 Lutheran antibodies
2.7.9 Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
2.7.9.1 HLA is encoded on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a group of loci on 6p
2.8 Transfusion complications
2.8.1 Suspected transfusion reaction
2.8.1.1 Clinical signs & symptoms
2.8.1.2 What to do
2.8.2 Types of transfusion complications
2.8.2.1 Febrile, nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs)
2.8.2.2 Allergic transfusion reactions
2.8.2.3 Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions
2.8.2.4 Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTR) & delayed serologic transfusion reactions (DSTR)
2.8.2.5 Bacterial contamination (transfusion transmitted sepsis)
2.8.2.6 Transfusion associated graft vs host disease
2.8.2J Transfusion associated acute lung injury (TRALI)
2.8.2.8 Posttransfusion purpura (PTP)
2.8.2.9 Platelet refractoriness
2.8.2.10 Infections t2.40
2.8.2.11 Transfusion associated metabolic derangements
2.8.3 Records t2.42
2.8.3.1 Blood bank regulatory authority
2.9 Selected readings
2.9.1 Books
Other references
3. Microbiology
3.1 Clinical syndromes & causative agents
3.1.1 Urinary tract infection (UTI)
3.1.1.1 Characteristics
3.1.1.2 Laboratory evaluation
3.1.2 Infectious diarrhea
3.1.2.1 Characteristics
3.1.2.2 Laboratory evaluation
3.1.2.3 Infectious diarrhea in immunodeficiency
3.1.3 Pneumonia
3.1.3.1 Characteristics
3.1.3.2 Laboratory evaluation
3.1.4 Infective endocarditis (IE)
3.1.4.1 Characteristics
3.1.4.2 Laboratory evaluation
3.1.5 Meningitis
3.1.5.1 Characteristics
3.1.6 Prosthetic joint infections
3.1.6.1 Characteristics
3.1.6.2 Laboratory evaluation
3.1.7 Vectors t3.4
3.2 Virology
3.2.1 Viral structure & classification t3.5
3.2.1.1 Obligate intracellular organisms
3.2.1.2 Surrounded by a capsid
3.2.1.3 Envelope
3.2.2 Laboratory evaluation
3.2.3 DNA viruses
3.2.3.1 Adenoviridae: adenovirus; no envelope, double
stranded, linear DNA
3.2.3,2 Hepadnaviridae: hepatitis b virus (HBV); enveloped, double stranded, circular DNA with single strand breaks
3.2.3.3 Herpesviridae: enveloped; double stranded, linear DNA t3.10
3.2.3.4 Parvoviridae: parvovirus B19; no envelope, single stranded, linear DNA
3.2.3.5 Papovaviridae: no envelope, double stranded, circular DNA
3.2.3.6 Poxviridae: enveloped, double stranded, linear DNA
3.2.3.6.1 Variola: causes smallpox
3.2.4 Positive sense RNA viruses
3.2.4.1 Coronaviridae
3.2.4.2 Flaviviridae: enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.4.3 Picornaviridae: no envelope, single stranded RNA
3.2.4.4 Retroviridae: enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.4.5 Togaviridae: enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.4.6 Caliciviridae: Norwalk virus; no envelope, single stranded RNA
3.2.4.7 Astroviridae
3.2.4.8 Hepeviridae: nonenveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.5 Negative sense RNA viruses
3.2.5.1 Bunyaviridae: enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.5.2 Orthomyxoviridae; influenza; enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.5.3 Paramyxoviridae: enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.5.3.1 Parainfluenza: croup
3.2.5.3.5 Human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
3.2.5.4 Rhabdoviridae: rabies vims; enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.5.5 Filoviridae: enveloped, single stranded RNA
3.2.5.6 Arenaviridae
3.2.6 Reoviridae: double stranded RNA; no envelope
3.2.7 Other viruses
3.27.1 Hepatitis D virus
3.27.2 Prions
3.2.8 Vaccines
3.2.9 Implicated viruses by disease states
3.2.9.1 Pregnancy
3.3 Parasitology
3.3.1 Laboratory methods
3.3.1.1 Direct examination: body sites and possible parasites recovered are summarized in t3.14
3.3.1.2 Serology
3.3.1.3 Culture
3.3.1.4 Molecular methods
3.3.2 Protozoa
3.3.2.1 Gastrointestinal protozoa i3.9
3.3.2.2 Blood and tissue protozoa
3.3.2.2.1 Babesia
3.3.3 Helminths
3.3.3.1 Tapeworms (Cestodes) i3.24
3.3.3.2 Flukes (Trematodes) i3.25
3.3.3.3 Roundworms (Nematodes)
3.3.4 Additional pearls of parasitology t3.18-t3.20
3.4 Mycology
3.4.1 Fungal structure
3.4.1.1 Characteristics
3.4.1.2 2 morphologic forms: yeasts and molds
3.4.1.3 Subcellular structure
3.4.1.4 Hyphal pigment
3.4.2 Diagnostic techniques
3.4.3 Yeasts
3.4.3.4 Black piedra
3.4.3.5 Trichosporon
3.4.3.5.1 Diseases
3.4.4 Dimorphic fungi t3.21
3.4.4.1 Characteristics of thermally dimorphic fungi
3.4.5 Dermatophytes & other superficial mycoses
3.4.5.1 Diseases
3.4.5.2 Diagnosis
3.4.5.3 Organisms
\' 3.4.6 Dematiaceous molds & other
I a subcutaneous infections
3.4.6.1 Background
3.4.6.2 Diseases
3.4.6.3 Other subcutanous infections
3.4.7 Hyaline molds
3.4.8 Zygomycetes
3.4.8.4 Treatment—prompt to prevent tissue necrosis. This is an emergency!
3.4.9.1 Background
3.4.9.2 Disease: pneumonia
3.4.9.3 Diagnosis
3.4.10 Prototheca
3.4.10.1 Background
3.4.10.2 Disease: protothecosis
3.4.10.3 Lifecycle
3.4.10.4 Diagnosis
3.4.10.5 Treatment
3.4.11 Notes about antifungal agents
3.5 Bacteriology
3.5.1 Specimen processing
3.5.1.1 Gram stain t3.22
3.5.2 Gram positive cocci
3.5.2.1 Staphylococcus: Gram positive cocci in clusters; catalase positive f3.4
3.5.2.2 Streptococcus and Enterococcus: Gram positive cocci in pairs or chains; catalase negative; Lancefield typing can be performed by latex agglutination i3.72, f3.5, t3.24
3.5.3 Gram positive rods
3.5.3.1 Spore forming Gram positive rods
3.5.4 Gram negative cocci
3.5.5 Gram negative rods
3.5.5.1 Enterobacteriaceae (the enterics)
3.5.5.2 Nonfermentative bacilli: do not ferment glucose (Red/ Red in TSI); most are environmental
3.5.5.4 HACEK organisms
3.5.6 Anaerobes
3.5.6.2 Clostridium: Gram positive rod, spore forming
3.5.7 Spirochetes
3.5.7.2 Leptospira
3.57.3 Borrelia
3.5.7.4 Spirillum minus: tightly coiled, small spirochete with bipolar tufts of flagella
3.57.5 Intestinal spirochetes
3.5.8 Chlamydia
3.5.8.1 Background: obligate intracellular pathogen
Bacteriology>Chlamydia
3.5.8.2 Chlamydia trachomatis
3.5.8.3 Chlamydophila psittaci
3.5.8.4 Chlamydophila pneumoniae
3.5.9 Rickettsia t3.32
3.5.9.1 Background
3.5.9.2 Rickettsia rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
3.5.9.3 Rickettsia akari\\ rickettsialpox
3.5.9.4 Rickettsia prowazekii: epidemic typhus
3.5.9.5 Rickettsia typhi: endemic typhus (murine typhus)
3.5.9.6 Orientia (formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi; scrub typhus
3.5.12 Bartonella: pleomorphic, Gram negative bacilli
3.6 Mycobacteria
3.6.1 Background
3.6.2 Laboratory evaluation
3.6.2.1 Specimen collection and processing
3.6.2.1.1 Sputum
3.6.2.2 Direct examination
3.6.2.5 Identification from positive culture
3.6.3.5 Susceptibility testing
3.6.4 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria:
categorized based on Runyon classification
3.6.4.4 Rapid growers (Runyon Group IV): growth on solid media in <7 days
3.7 Selected readings
3.7.1 Books
3.7.2 Online references
Additional journal articles
4. Hematopathology
4.1 Diseases of red blood cells
4.1.1 Cytoskeletal disorders
4.1.1.1 Hereditary spherocytosis
4.1.1.2 Hereditary elliptocytosis/hereditary ovalocytosis
4.1.1.3 Hereditary stomatocytosis
4.1.2 Enzyme disorders
4.1.2.1 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
4.1.2.2 Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency
4.1.2.3 Pyrimidine 5’ nucleotidase deficiency
4.1.3 Structurally abnormal hemoglobin variants (hemoglobinopathies)
4.1.3.1 Hemoglobin S (P6 glu—>-val)
4.1.3.2 Hemoglobin C (P6 glu—>lys)
4.1.3.3 Hemoglobin E (P6 glu—>lys)
4.1.3.4 Hemoglobins D&G
4.1.3.5 Hemoglobin Lepore
4.1.3.6 Hemoglobin constant spring (HbCS)
4.1.3.7 Altered oxygen affinity hemoglobins
4.1.3.8 Unstable hemoglobins
4.1.3.9 Methemoglobin (Hi, hemoglobin)
4.1.4 Thalassemia
4.1.4.2 a thalassemia syndromes
4.1.4.3 p thalassemia syndromes
4.1.4.5 Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
4.1.5 Immune hemolytic disorders
4.1.5.1 Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4.1.5.2 Cold autoagglutinins
4.1.5.3 Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)
4.1.5.4 Cryoglobulinemia
4.1.5.5 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
4.2 Disorders of marrow production
4.2.1 Iron deficiency
4.2.2 Folate & vitamin B12 t4.11, t4.12
4.2.2.1 Folate
4.2.2.2 Vitamin B12
4.2.2.3 Effects of B12 and folate deficiency
4.2.2.4 Diagnosis of folate deficiency
4.2.2.5 Diagnosis of B12 deficiency
4.2.3 Anemia of chronic disease
4.2.4 Sideroblastic anemia
4.2.5 Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia
4.2.6 Fanconi anemia
4.2.7 Dyskeratosis congenita (Zinsser-Engman- Cole syndrome)
4.2.8 Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)
4.2.8.1 Congenital PRCA (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome)
4.2.8.2 Acquired PRCA
4.2.8.3 Parvovirus B19 causes transient arrests of RBC production in healthy children and adults
4.2.8.4 Transient erythrocytopenia of childhood (TEC)
4.2.9 Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT)
4.2.10 Thrombocytopenia with absent radii syndrome
4.2.11 Congenital neutropenia
(Kostmann syndrome) & cyclic neutropenia
4.2.12 Shwachman-Diamond syndrome
4.2.13 Myelokathexis (& WHIM syndrome)
4.2.14 Autoimmune neutropenia
4.2.15 Aplastic anemia
4.2.16 Approach to the diagnosis of quantitative abnormalities
4.2.16.1 Anemia
4.2.16.3 Neutrophilia
4.2.16.4 Lymphocytosis
4.2.16.5 Monocytosis
4.2.16.6 Eosinophilia
4.2.16.7 Neutropenia (agranulocytosis)
4.2.16.8 Lymphopenia
4.2.16.9 Monocytopenia
4.2.16.10 Thrombocytopenia
4.3 Neoplastic hematopathology
4.3.1 B cell neoplasms
4.3.1.1 General clinical considerations
4.2.16.11 Thrombocytosis
4.3.1.2 Small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia
4.3.1.3 Mantle cell lymphoma
4.3.1.4 Follicular lymphoma
4.3.1.5 Marginal zone lymphoma
4.3.1.7 Prolymphocytic leukemia
4.3.1.8 Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
4.3.1.9 Heavy chain disease
4.3.1.10 Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
4.3.1.12 Immunodeficiency associated lymphoproliferative disorders
4.3.1.13 Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia
4.3.2 Precursor neoplasms (lymphoblastic leukemia & lymphoma), B and T
4.3.2.1 General features
4.3.2.3 B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma with recurrent genetic abnormalities t4.32
4.3.2.4 T acute lymphoblastic leukemia
4.3.2.2 Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphoblastic lymphoma, not otherwise specified
4.3.2.5 Acute leukemia with mixed lineage
4.3.3 Plasma cell neoplasms
4.3.3.1 Plasma cell myeloma/multiple myeloma
4.3.3.2 Plasma cell leukemia
4.3.3.3 Solitary plasmacytoma (SP)
4.3.3.4 Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance
4.3.3.5 Osteosclerotic myeloma (POEMS syndrome)
4.3.4 T cell neoplasms
4.3.4.1 Peripheral T cell lymphoma, NOS
4.3.4.2 Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
4.3.4.3 Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma
4.3.4.4 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK+
4.3.4.5 T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia
4.3.4.7 Aggressive NK cell leukemia
4.3.4.8 Nasal type natural killer/T cell lymphomas
4.3.4.9 Enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma
4.3.4.10 Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma
4.3.4.11 Subcutaneous panniculitic T cell lymphoma
4.3.4.12 Cutaneous T cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, and Sezary syndrome
4.3.5 Hodgkin lymphoma
4.3.5.1 Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
4.3.5.2 Classic Hodgkin lymphoma
4.3.6 Myeloid neoplasms
4.3.6.1 Assessment
4.3.6.2 Myelodysplastic syndromes
4.3.6.3 Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms
4.3.6.3.1 Chronic mylomonocytic leukemia (CMML)
4.3.6.5 Myeloid & lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia with abnormalities of PDGFRa, PDGFR/i, or FGFR1
4.3.6.6 Acute myelogenous leukemia
4.3.6J Myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition
4.3.6.8 Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm
4.3.6.9 Mast cell neoplasms
4.4 Methods
4.4.1 Red blood cell indices
4.4.1.1 Manual techniques
4.4.1.2 Automated techniques
4.4.1.3 Counting reticulocytes
4.4.2 Leukocyte indices
4.4.2.1 Total leukocyte count
4.4.2.2 Leukocyte differential
4.4.3 Platelet indices
4.4.4 Detection of normal & variant hemoglobins
4.4.4.1 Rapid detection of hemoglobin S
4.4.4.2 Detection of hemoglobin F
4.4.4.3 Hemoglobin electrophoresis
4.4.4.4 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
4.4.4.5 Molecular methods for hemoglobin identification
4.4.4.6 Hemoglobin oxygen saturation
4.4.5 Histochemistry & cytochemistry
4.4.5.1 Wright stain
4.4.5.2 Cytochemical stains for typing blasts t4.48
4.4.5.3 Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score
4.4.6 Immunophenotyping
4.4.6.1 Antigens
Methods>lmmunophenotyping
4.4.6.2 Immunophenotypic evolution in hematolymphoid cells
4.4.7 Conventional cytogenetics & molecular techniques
4.4.7.1 Molecular examination of lymphocytes
4.4.8 Bone marrow biopsy
4.4.8.1 Sites of hematopoiesis
4.4.8.2 Peripheral blood
4.4.8.3 Bone marrow aspirate & touch imprints
4.4.8.4 Bone marrow biopsy & clot section
4.5 Selected readings
4.5.1 Books
Additional journal articles
5. Coagulation
5.1 Hemostasis
5.1.1 Normal hemostasis occurs in 3 steps
5.1.1.1 Primary hemostasis
5.1.1.2 Contribution of the blood vessel
5.1.1.3 Platelet activation
5.1.1.4 Plasma coagulation (fibrin formation)
5.1.1.6 Fibrinolysis
5.2 Laboratory evaluation of hemostasis
5.2.1 Laboratory evaluation of platelets
5.2.1.1 The bleeding time
5.2.1.2 PFA100
5.2.1.3 Platelet aggregometry
5.2.2 Laboratory evaluation of coagulation
5.2.2.1 Activated clotting time
5.2.2.2 Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
5.2.2.3 Heparin assay (antifactor Xa assay)
5.2.2.4 Bethesda assay (coagulation factor inhibitor assay)
5.2.2.5 D-dimer & fibrin degradation products
5.2.2.6 Factor assays (II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII)
5.2.27 Fibrinogen assay
5.2.2.8 Prothrombin time
5.2.2.9 Thrombin time (TT)
5.3 Excessive bleeding (hemophilia)
5.3.1 Laboratory evaluation f5.4
5.3.1.1 Clinical clues
5.3.1.2 Morphologic examination of platelets
5.3.2 Platelet disorders t5.8
5.3.2.1 Inherited platelet disorders
5.3.2.2 Platelet storage pool disorders
5.3.2.3 Glanzmann thrombasthenia
5.3.2.4 von Willebrand disease (vWD)
5.3.2.5 Acquired platelet disorders
5.3.3 Coagulation defects t5.10, t5.11
5.3.3.1 Inherited factor deficiencies
5.3.3.2 Fibrinogen defects: afibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia & dysfibrinogenemia
5.3.3.3 Acquired factor deficiencies
5.3.3.4 Disseminated intravascular coagulation
5.3.4 Nonhemostatic causes of excessive bleeding
5.3.4.1 Vascular & connective tissue disorders
5.4 Thrombosis & thrombophilia
5.4.1 Clinical considerations
5.4.1.1 Clinical clues
5.4.1.2 Laboratory evaluation
5.4.2 Specific causes of thrombophilia
5.4.2.1 Activated protein C resistance (factor V Leiden)
5.4.2.2 Prothrombin variant (prothrombin G20210A mutation)
5.4.2.3 Antithrombin (AT) deficiency
5.4.2.4 Protein C & Protein S deficiency
5.4.2.5 MTHFR gene mutation & hyperhomocysteinemia
5.4.2.6 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
5.4.27 JAK2 mutation
5.4.2.8 Antiphospholipid syndrome t5.15
5.4.2.9 Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
5.4.2.10 Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP)
5.5 Therapeutic agents & monitoring
5.5.1 Anticoagulants
5.5.1.1 Warfarin (coumadin)
5.5.1.2 Other oral anticoagulants
5.5.1.3 Unfractionated heparin (UH)
5.5.1.4 Low molecular weight heparin
5.5.1.5 Fondaparinux (arixtra)
5.5.1.6 Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs)
5.5.2 Antiplatelet agents
5.5.2.1 Aspirin
5.5.2.2 Thienopyridines
5.5.2.3 Dipyridamole
5.5.2.4 GPIIb/llla receptor antagonists
5.6 Selected readings
5.6.1 Books
Additional journal articles
6. Immunology
6.1 Immune system
6.1.1 B cells
6.1.1.1 B cells originate & mature in the marrow in a stepwise process t6.1
6.1.1.2 Immunoglobulin (Ig)
6.1.1.3 Immunoglobulin genes
6.1.2 T cells
6.1.2.1 T cells undergo stepwise maturation in the thymus
6.1.2.2 T cell receptor (TCR)
6.1.3 NK cells
6.1.4 Antigen presenting cells
6.1.5 Granulocytes
6.1.5.1 Neutrophils
6.1.5.2 Basophils & mast cells
6.1.5.3 Eosinophils
6.1.6 Complement
6.1.6.1 Effects
6.1.6.2 Pathways f6.3
6.1.7 Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
6.1.7.1 HLA genes are categorized into classes
6.1.7.2 Each MHC complex is closely linked and inherited
6.2 Evaluation of immune function
6.2.1 Screening tests
6.2.1.1 History and physical examination
6.2.2 Global tests of immune system
6.2.2.1 Cell counts
6.2.2.2 Radiographs
6.2.3 Specific testing of B cell function
6.2.3.1 Specific antibody response, eg, to vaccine
6.2.3.2 g levels
6.2.3.3 RAST (radioallergosorbent test)
6.2.4 Specific testing of T cell function
6.2.5 Testing NK cell function
6.2.6 Testing neutrophil function
6.2.7 Testing complement
6.2.7.1 CH50
6.2.7.2 Antigenic assays are undertaken for quantitation of specific complement components
6.2.8 HLA testing
6.2.8.1 Used primarily in
6.2.8.2 The complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay is the gold standard for
6.2.8.3 Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)
6.2.8.4 Cross reactive antigen groups (CREGs)
6.2.8.5 Public antigens
6.2.8.6 DNA assays
6.2.8.7 Transplantation testing
6.2.8.8 Transplant rejection
6.3 Primary immunodeficiency disorders
6.3.1 B cell defects
6.3.1.1 Bruton (X linked) agammaglobulinemia
6.3.1.2 Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
6.3.1.3 Selective IgA deficiency
6.3.1.4 Hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
6.3.2 T cell defects
6.3.2.1 DiGeorge syndrome
6.3.2.2 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
6.3.2.3 Hyper IgM syndrome (X linked immunodeficiency with hyper IgM)
6.3.2.4 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
6.3.2.5 Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome)
6.3.2.6 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
6.3.2.7 Duncan disease (X linked lymphoproliferative disease)
6.3.3 Neutrophil/phagocytic defects
6.3.3.1 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
6.3.3.2 Chediak-Higashi syndrome
6.3.3.3 May-Hegglin anomaly
6.3.3.4 Alder-Reilly anomaly
6.3.3.5 Pelger-Huet anomaly
6.3.3.6 Jordan anomaly
6.3.4 Complement deficiencies
6.4 Autoimmunity & rheumatologic disease
6.4.1 Pathophysiology
6.4.1.2 Triggering agents include both microorganisms & medications
6.4.1.3 Laboratory testing, general
6.4.1.4 Autoantibody detection by immunofluorescence
6.4.1.5 Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)
6.4.1.6 Antibodies to cytoplasmic constituents
6.4.1.7 Other tests for autoimmune diseases
6.4.2 Autoimmune diseases
6.4.2.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
6.4.2.2 Rheumatoid arthritis
6.4.2.3 Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
6.4.2.4 Celiac disease
6.4.2.5 Progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
6.4.2.6 lgG4 related sclerosing disease
6.4.27 Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)
6.4.2.8 Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)
6.4.2.9 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
6.4.2.10 Sjogren syndrome (SS)
6.4.2.11 Vasculitis
6.4.2.12 Inflammatory myopathies
6.4.2.13 Myasthenia gravis (MG)
6.4.2.14 Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)
6.4.3 Hypersensitivity reactions
6.4.3.1 Type I hypersensitivity (immediate type hypersensitivity)
6.4.3.2 Type II hypersensitivity (antibody mediated cellular cytotoxicity)
6.4.3.3 Type III hypersensitivity
6.4.3.4 Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed type hypersensitivity)
6.5 Selected readings
7. Molecular Pathology
7.1 Brief review of molecular biology
7.1.1 The structure of nucleic acids
7.1.1.4 Types of nucleic acids
7.1.2 Nucleic acid modifying enzymes
7.1.2.1 Polymerase
7.1.2.2 Ligase
7.1.2.3 Nuclease
7.1.3 Mitochondrial DNA
7.1.3.1 Mitochondrial genome
7.1.3.2 Heteroplasmy/homoplasmy
7.1.3.3 Maternal inheritance
7.1.4 Gene expression
7.1.4.1 Cell signaling
7.1.4.2 Genes
7.1.4.3 Chromosome structure & nomenclature
7.1.4.4 Transcription & its regulation
7.1.4.5 Translation & its regulation
7.1.5 DNA replication & cell division
7.1.5.1 DNA replication
7.1.5.2 Cell cycle
7.1.5.3 Mitosis
7.1.5.4 Meiosis
7.1.6 Classification of genetic anomalies
7.1.6.1 Classification schemes
7.1.6.2 Function
7.1.6.3 Structure
7.1.6.4 Effect on organism
7.1.7 Patterns of inheritance
7.1.7.1 Inherited vs acquired genetic disorders
7.1.7.2 Inheritance patterns
7.2 Techniques & applications
7.2.1 Cytogenetics & karyotyping
7.2.1.1 Preparation of cells
7.2.1.2 Preparation of chromosomes
7.2.2 Molecular techniques
7.2.2.1 Isolation of nucleic acid
7.2.2.2 Restriction enzymes
7.2.2.3 Gel electrophoresis
7.2.2.4 Blotting
7.2.2.5 Hybridization techniques
7.2.2.6 Amplification techniques
7.2.27 DNA sequencing
7.2.3 Applications
7.2.3.1 Clonality assessment in lymphoid neoplasms
7.2.3.2 Chimerism in engraftment, parentage testing, & forensic identity testing
7.2.3.3 Pharmacogenomics
7.2.3.4 Practical aspects of molecular pathology
7.3 Genetics of nonneoplastic disease
7.3.1 Renal
7.3.1.1 Inherited nephritic syndrome
7.3.1.2 Inherited nephrotic syndrome
7.3.1.3 Inherited tubular disorders
7.3.1.4 Polycystic kidney disease
7.3.1.5 Sporadic & multifactorial congenital renal disorders
7.3.2 Cardiovascular
7.3.2.1 Channel conduction disorders
7.3.2.2 Myocardial disorders
7.3.2.3 Structural cardiac disorders as a part of a larger genetic syndrome
7.3.3 Endocrine
7.3.3.1 Adrenal cortex
7.3.3.2 Pituitary gland
7.3.3.3 Parathyroid gland
7.3.3.4 Thyroid gland
7.3.3.5 Diabetes mellitus
7.3.4 Gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary & pancreatic
7.3.4.1 Hirschsprung disease
7.3.4.2 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia)
7.3.4.3 Microvillus inclusion disease
7.3.4.4 Multifactorial disorders & syndromic disorders affecting the Gl tract
7.3.4.5 Biliary fibrocystic diseases (Caroli disease & congenital hepatic fibrosis)
7.3.4.6 Syndromic paucity of bile ducts (Alagille syndrome, arteriohepatic dysplasia)
7.3.47 Hereditary hemochromatosis
7.3.4.8 Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
7.3.4.9 a1 antitrypsin deficiency
7.3.4.10 Bilirubin excretion disorders
7.3.4.11 Inherited pancreatitis
7.3.5 Neuromuscular
7.3.5.1 Central neurodegenerative disease
7.3.5.2 Peripheral neuropathy
7.3.5.3 Skeletal muscle diseases
7.3.5.4 Congenital hearing loss
7.3.6 Disorders of mitochondria
7.3.6.1 Background
7.3.7 Microdeletion disorders t7.11
7.4 Genetics of neoplastic disease
7.4.1 Gastrointestinal tract tumors
7.4.1.1 Colorectal adenocarcinoma
histology suggestive of MSI-high tumor
7.4.1.2 Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
7.4.2 Pancreatic tumors
7.4.2.1 Ductal adenocarcinoma
7.4.3 Hepatobiliary tumors
7.4.3.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma
7.4.3.2 Cholangiocarcinoma
7.4.4 Breast cancer
7.4.4.1 HER2 (Neu, ERB-B2)
7.4.4.2 TP53 tumor suppressor gene
7.4.4.3 Steroid receptors
7.4.4.4 BRCA associated tumors
7.4.4.5 Other inherited influences on breast cancer
7.4.4.6 Molecular classification of breast carcinoma (gene expression profiling)
7.4.5 Genitourinary tumors
7.4.5.1 Renal cell carcinoma syndromes
7.4.5.2 Sporadic renal cell carcinoma
7.4.5.3 Wilms tumor
7.4.5.4 Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma
7.4.5.5 Testicular tumors
7.4.6 Soft tissue & bone
7.4.6.1 Ewing sarcoma family of tumors
7.4.6.2 Neuroblastoma
7.4.6.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma
7.4.6.4 Synovial sarcoma
7.4.6.5 Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma/hyalinizing spindle tumor with giant rosettes
7.4.6.6 Tumors of adipocytes
7.4.7 Head & neck tumors
7.4.7.1 Squamous cell carcinoma
7.47.2 Salivary gland tumors
7.47.3 Thyroid
7.4.8 Skin tumors
7.4.8.1 Melanoma
7.4.8.2 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)
7.4.9 Central nervous system tumors
7.4.9.1 Gliomas
7.4.9.2 Retinoblastoma
7.4.9.3 Meningioma
7.4.9.4 Embryonal tumors
7.4.10 Pulmonary tumors
7.4.11 Gynecologic tumors
7.4.11.1 Inherited gynecologic tumor syndromes
7.4.11.2 Cervix
7.4.11.3 Gestational trophoblastic disease
7.4.12 Other tumor syndromes
7.4.12.1 Tuberous sclerosis complex (Bourneville syndrome)
7.4.12.2 Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin Goltz syndrome)
7.4.12.3 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease)
7.4.12.4 Neurofibromatosis type 2 (bilateral acoustic neuroma syndrome)
7.4.12.5 Li-Fraumeni syndrome
7.4.12.6 Aniridia/WAGR syndrome
7.4.12.7 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
7.4.12.8 Chromosomal breakage syndromes
7.4.12.9 PTEN related disorders: Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome & Proteus syndrome
7.4.12.10 Carney complex
7.5 Selected readings
7.5.1 Books
7.5.2 Online references
Additional journal references
8. Medical Directorship
8.1 Legislation & regulation, agencies & oversight
8.1.1 Legislation & regulations relating to laboratories
8.1.1.1 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment of 1988
t8.1 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments levels of test complexity
8.1.1.2 Medical devices & biologies
8.1.1.3 Medicare, Medicaid & the prospective payment system
8.1.1.4 Billing & reimbursement
8.1.1.5 Direct billing law, physician self referral law (Stark law)
8.1.1.6 The Privacy Act & the Privacy Rule (HIPAA)
8.1.1.7 The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
8.2 Financial considerations in the laboratory
8.2.1 Types of costs f8.1 & calculation of the breakeven point
8.2.2 Budgeting
8.3 Statistical considerations in the laboratory
8.3.1 Definitions
8.3.1.1 Gaussian distribution, estimates of central tendency & estimates of variation
8.3.1.2 Reliability: analytical accuracy & precision
8.3.1.3 Clinical sensitivity & specificity
8.3.1.4 Predictive value
8.3.1.5 Relative risk
8.3.2 Diagnostic accuracy: receiver operating characteristic curves
8.3.2.1 Diagnostic accuracy
8.3.2.2 Receiver operating characteristic curves
8.3.3 Reference intervals
8.3.3.1 Purpose of reference intervals
8.3.3.2 Establishing & adopting reference intervals
8.4 Implementation of new methods
8.4.1 Overview
t8.3 Validation plan checklist
8.4.2 Elements of method verification
8.4.2.1 Calibration & calibration verification
8.4.2.2 Precision & establishment of quality control ranges
8.4.2.3 Accuracy, inaccuracy (bias) & method comparison
8.4.2.4 Analytic specificity, interference & carryover
8.4.2.5 Analytical sensitivity, limit of detection & functional sensitivity
8.4.2.6 Linearity, analytical measuring range & clinical reportable range
8.4.27 Specimen stability
8.4.2.8 Information systems
8.4.2.9 Written procedures
8.4.2.10 Education of laboratory staff & clinical staff
8.5 Quality management
8.5.1 Definitions
8.5.1.1 Quality management and quality control
8.5.2 Statistical quality control
8.5.2.1 Traditional QC
8.5.2.2 Alternatives to traditional QC
8.5.3 Proficiency testing (external quality assessment)
8.5.3.1 Overview
8.6 Nonanalytic variables in laboratory medicine: preanalytic & postanalytic
8.6.1 Preanalytic variables
8.6.1.1 Patient identification
8.6.1.2 Age
8.6.1.3 Gender
8.6.1.4 Food intake
8.6.1.5 Exercise
8.6.1.6 Cigarette smoking
8.6.1.7 Posture
8.6.1.8 Time of day
8.6.1.9 Tourniquet
8.6.1.10 Order of draw
8.6.1.11 Storage & transport conditions
8.6.1.12 Serum vs plasma
8.6.1.13 Underlying hematologic malignancy
8.6.2 Postanalytic variables
8.6.2.1 The postanalytic phase
8.6.2.2 Result reporting
8.6.2.3 Critical values reporting
8.7 Selected readings
Books
Additional journal references
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z