دانلود کتاب Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry: A Guide for Industry Professionals

فهرست مطالب :

Preface page ix Acknowledgements xi List of abbreviations and symbols xii Part I ‘How’: isotopes and how they are measured 1 1 Isotopes and geochemistry 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Elements and isotopes 5 2 Processes 9 2.1 Fractionation: chemical vs isotopic 9 2.2 Isotopic fractionation 10 3 Mass spectrometry 17 3.1 Principles of mass spectrometry 17 3.2 TIMS vs ICP-MS (PIMS) vs GS IRMS 22 3.3 In situ mass spectrometry 25 3.4 Noble gas mass spectrometry and irradiation for Ar analysis 26 3.5 Measurement of concentrations by mass spectrometry: isotope dilution 27 4 Stable isotopes 32 4.1 Nomenclature 33 4.2 Major element stable isotopes 36 4.3 Minor and trace element stable isotopes 37 5 Radioactivity, radioactive decay and isotope systems applied in the geosciences 40 5.1 Half life and decay constant 41 5.2 Equations 42 5.3 Geologically useful decay schemes 43 5.4 Closure temperature (Tc) 52 Part II ‘When’: geological time, ages and rates of geological phenomena 57 6 Underpinnings of geochronology: background and principles 59 6.1 Accuracy and precision in geochronology 60 6.2 Statistical treatment of geochronological data 61 7 Isochron geochronology 79 7.1 Principles of isochrons 79 7.2 Metamorphism and resetting of isochrons 86 8 U–Pb, Pb–Pb and Re–Os sulphide geochronology 89 8.1 Principles of U–Pb geochronology 91 8.2 U-series isotopes 104 8.3 EPMA and CHIME dating 106 8.4 Thermochronology: fission tracks and (U + Th)/He 108 8.5 Re–Os geochronology of molybdenite and LLHR (low-level highly radiogenic) sulphides 111 9 Argon geochronology 115 9.1 K–Ar 115 9.2 Ar–Ar 117 Part III ‘Where’: tracking the course of material through the earth 125 10 Isotopes as tracers: general principles 127 10.1 Generic model ages 128 10.2 Mixing 135 10.3 AFC (assimilation–fractionation–crystallisation) 140 11 Applications of radiogenic tracers 145 11.1 Differentiation within the crust and crustal growth 145 11.2 Isotopic characteristics of the mantle 162 11.3 Tracing petroleum migration and sources 172 12 New developments in radiogenic isotopes 177 12.1 Looking forward: the next generation of tools and techniques 177 Appendix 1 Conversion between wt% oxide and ppm 181 Appendix 2 Isotopic abundances 183 Glossary 186 Further reading 189 Index 194