دانلود کتاب REDUCING MORTALITY IN CRITICALLY III PATIENTS.

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Contents
1: Decision-Making in the Democracy Medicine Era: The Consensus Conference Process
1.1 Systematic Review
1.2 Reaching Consensus in Democracy Medicine
1.3 The Identified Topics, the Book, and the Diffusion of the Evidence to the International Community of Colleagues
1.4 A Common Shell for a Flexible Process
References
2: Non-invasive Ventilation
2.1 General Principles
2.2 Pathophysiological Principles
2.3 Main Evidences and Clinical Indications
2.3.1 Non-invasive Ventilation in Hypercapnic Patients
2.3.2 Non-invasive Ventilation to Treat Acute Respiratory Failure: Hypoxemic Patients
2.3.3 Non-invasive Ventilation in the Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
2.3.3.1 Non-invasive Ventilation in the Weaning of Hypercapnic and Mixed Patients
Non-invasive Ventilation in Patients after T-Piece Trial Failure
Non-invasive Ventilation to Shorten Standard Weaning
Non-invasive Ventilation to Prevent Post-Extubation Failure
2.3.3.2 Non-invasive Ventilation in the Weaning of Patients at Risk for Post-Extubation ARF
2.3.4 Non-invasive Ventilation to Treat Post-Extubation Respiratory Failure: Evidence of Increased Mortality
2.4 Three Issues To Be Considered
2.5 Conclusions
References
3: High-Flow Nasal Cannulae
3.1 General Principles
3.2 Pathophysiological Principles
3.3 Main Evidence and Clinical Use
3.4 Therapeutic Use
3.5 State of the Art/Conclusions
References
4: Restrictive Inspiratory Oxygen Fraction
4.1 General Principles
4.2 Main Evidences
4.3 Pathophysiological Principles: Possible Mechanisms of Reduced Mortality
4.4 Implications for Clinical Practice
References
5: Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS
5.1 General Principles
5.2 Main Evidences
5.2.1 Lung-Protective Ventilation
5.2.2 Prone Positioning
5.2.3 Other Mechanical Ventilation Strategies
5.3 Pathophysiological Principles: Mechanisms of Reduced Mortality
5.4 Therapeutic Use
References
6: Early Tracheostomy
6.1 General Principles
6.2 Physiological Advantages
6.3 Indications
6.4 Timing
6.5 Main Evidences on Mortality
6.6 Conclusions
References
7: Pharmacological Management of Cardiac Arrest
7.1 General Principles
7.2 Pathophysiologic Principles
7.3 Main Evidences
7.3.1 Advanced Cardiac Life Support with/without Drugs
7.3.2 Antiarrhythmics
7.3.3 Inotropic/Vasopressor Drugs
7.3.3.1 Epinephrine
7.3.3.2 Vasopressin
7.3.4 Steroids
7.3.5 Other Drugs
7.4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
8: Non-pharmacological Management of Cardiac Arrest
8.1 General Principles
8.2 Main Evidence
References
9: Avoidance of Deep Sedation
9.1 General Principles
9.2 Light Versus Deep Sedation
9.3 Sedation-Sparing Protocols
9.4 Sedative Agents: Old School and New School
9.5 Monitoring of Sedation: Analogic and Digital
9.6 Limiting Physical Restraints
9.7 Conclusions
References
10: Hydrocortisone in Sepsis
10.1 General Principles
10.2 Physiological Basis
10.3 Main Evidences on Mortality
10.4 Conclusions
References
11: Goal-Directed Therapy
11.1 General Principles
11.2 Intravenous Fluids
11.3 Monitoring Fluid Response
11.4 Non-responders to Goal-Directed Therapy
11.5 Responders to Goal-Directed Therapy
References
12: Levosimendan in Cardiogenic Shock and Low Cardiac Output Syndrome
12.1 General Principles
12.2 Pharmacologic Properties
12.3 Main Evidences
12.3.1 Perioperative Levosimendan in Cardiac Surgery
12.3.2 Levosimendan in Cardiogenic Shock and in Takotsubo Syndrome
12.4 Therapeutic Use
12.5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
13: Drugs in Myocardial Infarction
13.1 General Principles
13.2 Pathophysiological Principles
13.3 Treatment
13.3.1 Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (STEMI and NSTEMI)
13.3.2 Fibrinolytic Therapy (STEMI)
13.3.3 Different Perspectives (NSTEMI)
13.3.4 Other Medications
13.4 Main Evidences
13.4.1 Dual Anti-Platelet Therapy
13.4.2 Novel Anti-Platelet Medication
13.4.3 Thrombolysis
References
14: Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Patients
14.1 General Principles
14.2 Main Evidences
14.3 Pharmacologic Properties and Physiopathological Principles
14.4 Therapeutic Use
14.4.1 Pharmacokinetics
14.4.2 Practical Application: Dosage and Timing
14.4.3 Indications and Contraindications
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Discontinuation
15.1 General Principles
15.2 Main Evidences
15.2.1 The SAPS Trial and PCT Guidance in Critically Ill/Septic Patients
15.2.2 BPCTrea Trial and PCT Guidance in Respiratory Tract Infections
15.3 Pathophysiological Principles
15.4 Clinical Use
15.5 Conclusions
References
16: Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract
16.1 General Principles
16.2 Main Evidence
16.3 Pharmacological Properties
16.4 Therapeutic Use
16.5 Conclusions
References
17: Nutrition
17.1 General Principles of the Nutrition Therapy in the Critical Care Patient
17.2 Evidence in the General Principles of the Nutrition Therapy
17.2.1 Caloric Intake: Focus on Progressive Feeding and Prevent Refeeding Syndrome, Underfeeding and Overfeeding
17.2.2 The Route of Nutrition Therapy: Enteral Vs Parenteral
17.2.3 Appropriate Caloric and Protein Target
17.2.4 Nutrition Monitoring
17.3 Evidence in Immunonutrition Enteral Formulas
17.4 Evidence in Micronutrients and Antioxidants
17.5 Nutritional Management in ICU Patients Infected with SARS-COV-2
17.6 Conclusions
References
18: ECMO and Survival
18.1 General Principles
18.2 VV ECMO for Respiratory Failure
18.3 VA ECMO for Cardiogenic Shock
18.4 Key Points
References
19: Ultrasounds
19.1 General Principles
19.2 Main Evidences
19.2.1 Ultrasonography in Upper Airways Procedures
19.2.2 Ultrasonography in the Assessments of Lower Respiratory Tract
19.2.3 Ultrasonography in Intensive Care
19.3 Randomized-Controlled Studies of POCUS
19.3.1 POCUS in Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy
19.3.2 POCUS in Respiratory Patients
19.3.3 POCUS Impact on Mortality and Complication Rates in Hip Fracture Patients
19.3.4 Impact of Ultrasound Protocol in Early ICU Stay
19.3.5 Echocardiography in the Treatment of Septic Shock
19.4 Conclusions
References
20: Alternative Medicine
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Alternative Medicine and Mortality in the ICU Setting: Main Evidences
20.2.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine in Patients with Sepsis
20.2.2 Septimeb™ in Patients with Sepsis
20.2.3 Shenfu Injection After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
20.2.4 XueBiJing Injection in Patients with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia
20.3 Relevance to Clinical Practice: A Brief Comment
References
21: Interventions Increasing Mortality
21.1 Patients with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
21.1.1 Thyroxine
21.2 Sepsis and Infectious Disease
21.2.1 Protein C Zymogen
21.2.2 Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor 546C88
21.2.3 High-Dose Methylprednisolone
21.2.4 Hypothermia in Meningitis
21.2.5 Cytokine Hemoadsorption Device on IL-6
21.2.6 Early Resuscitation Protocol on Septic Patients with Hypotension
21.3 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
21.3.1 Intravenous Salbutamol
21.3.2 Keratinocyte Growth Factor
21.3.3 Cysteine Prodrug (L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid)
21.3.4 Intensive Nutrition in Acute Lung Injury
21.3.5 High-Frequency Oscillation Ventilation (HFOV)
21.4 Perioperative Setting
21.4.1 Metoprolol Retard in Non-cardiac Surgery
21.4.2 Aprotinin in Cardiac Surgery
21.4.3 Prophylactic Bicarbonate to Prevent Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery
21.5 Nutrition and Supplementation
21.5.1 Growth Hormone (GH)
21.5.2 Glutamine
21.5.3 High-Protein Enteral Nutrition Enriched with Immune-Modulating Nutrients
21.6 Trauma and Shock
21.6.1 Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Ventilated Trauma Patients
21.6.2 Systematic ICU Admission for Older Patients
21.6.3 Albumin in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
21.6.4 Dopamine Versus Noradrenaline as First-Choice Vasopressor in Patients with Shock
21.6.5 Diaspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin (DCLHb)
21.6.6 Methylprednisolone in Traumatic Brain Injury
References
22: Conflicting Evidences
22.1 Tight Glycemic Control
22.1.1 Physiology
22.1.2 Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia
22.1.3 Tight Glycemic Control: Main Evidence
22.1.4 The Role of Nutrition and Diabetes
22.1.5 Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Automated Insulin Infusion
22.1.6 Conclusions
22.2 Hydroxyethyl Starches
22.2.1 General Considerations on Fluid Choice
22.2.2 Main Lines of Evidence
22.2.3 Physiologic Considerations
22.2.4 Therapeutic Use
22.2.5 Conclusions
References
23: Latest Evidence
23.1 General Principles
23.2 Angiotensin II
23.3 Bicarbonate
23.4 Airway Management in Cardiac Arrest
23.5 Steroids in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Including COVID-19 Patients
23.6 Tranexamic Acid
23.6.1 Tranexamic Acid in Post-Partum Hemorrhage
23.6.2 Tranexamic Acid in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
23.7 Point-of-Care Testing for Coagulation
23.8 Thrombolytic Removal in Intraventricular Bleeding
23.9 Other Evidence
References