دانلود کتاب Refractory Technology: Fundamentals and Applications

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
About the Author
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Refractory
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition
1.3 Basic Property Requirements
1.4 History of Refractory Development
1.5 Interesting Facts and Data on Refractories
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Classifications of Refractories
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification Based on Chemical Nature
2.2.1 Acidic Refractories
2.2.2 Neutral Refractories
2.2.3 Basic Refractories
2.3 Classification Based on Main Constituent and Purity
2.4 Classification Based on Manufacturing Method
2.4.1 Pressed and Fired (Sintered)
2.4.2 Fused Cast
2.4.3 Hand Molded
2.4.4 Bonding
2.5 Classification Based on Physical Form or Shape
2.5.1 Shaped
2.5.2 Unshaped
2.6 Classification Based on Heat Duty
2.6.1 Low Heat Duty
2.6.2 Intermediate (or Medium) Heat Duty
2.6.3 High Heat Duty
2.6.4 Super Heat Duty
2.7 Classification Based on Porosity (Insulating) or Thermal Conductivity
2.7.1 Dense
2.7.2 Insulating
2.8 Classification Based on Application Area
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Idea of Properties
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physical Properties
3.2.1 Apparent Porosity (AP), Total Porosity, and Bulk Density (BD)
3.2.2 Specific Gravity
3.2.3 Firing Shrinkage
3.2.4 Permeability
3.3 Mechanical Properties
3.3.1 Cold Crushing Strength (CCS)
3.3.2 Cold Modulus of Rupture (CMOR)
3.4 Thermal Properties
3.4.1 Thermal Expansion
3.4.2 Thermal Conductivity
3.5 Thermomechanical Properties
3.5.1 Hot Modulus of Rupture (HMOR)
3.5.2 Creep
3.6 Abrasion Properties
3.7 Corrosion Properties
3.7.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Disintegration
3.7.2 Slag or Glass Corrosion
3.8 Microstructure
3.8.1 Techniques for Evaluation of Microstructure
3.8.1.1 Optical Microscopy
3.8.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.8.1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.8.2 Components in Refractory Microstructure
3.8.2.1 Porosity
3.8.2.2 Single-Component Refractory
3.8.2.3 Multicomponent Refractory
3.9 Refractory-Specific Properties
3.9.1 Refractoriness or Pyrometric Cone Equivalence
3.9.2 Refractoriness Under Load (RUL)
3.9.3 Thermal Shock Resistance
3.9.4 Permanent Linear Change on Reheating (PLCR)
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Standards and Testing
4.1 Introduction to Different Standards
4.2 Testing of Refractories
4.3 Testing of Physical Properties
4.3.1 Bulk Density (BD), Apparent Porosity (AP), Water Absorption (WA), and Apparent Specific Gravity (ASG)
4.3.1.1 Boiling Method
4.3.1.2 Vacuum/Evacuation Method
4.3.2 True Specific Gravity (TSG) and True Density (TD)
4.3.3 Permanent Liner Change on Reheating (PLCR)
4.4 Testing of Mechanical Properties
4.4.1 Cold Crushing Strength (CCS)
4.4.2 Cold Modulus of Rupture (Cold MOR)
4.5 Testing of Thermal Properties
4.5.1 Reversible Thermal Expansion
4.5.2 Thermal Conductivity
4.5.2.1 Calorimetric Method
4.5.2.2 Parallel Hot-Wire Method
4.5.3 Refractoriness or Pyrometric Cone Equivalent
4.6 Testing of Thermomechanical Properties
4.6.1 Hot MOR
4.6.2 Creep
4.6.3 Refractoriness Under Load
4.7 Testing for Corrosion Resistance
4.7.1 Testing of Resistance Against Carbon Monoxide (CO)
4.7.2 Testing of Resistance Against Liquid Corrosion
4.7.2.1 Static Cup Method
4.7.2.2 Finger Test (Dynamic Method)
4.7.2.3 Rotary Slag Test (Dynamic Method)
4.8 Testing of Abrasion Resistance
4.9 Testing of Thermal Shock Resistance
4.9.1 Water Quenching Method
4.9.2 Small Prism Method
4.9.3 Deterioration in Property After Thermal Shock
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Silica Refractories
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Raw Materials and Sources
5.3 Brief of Manufacturing Techniques
5.4 Action of Mineralizer
5.5 Classification and Properties
5.6 Effect of Impurities with Binary and Ternary Phase Diagrams
5.7 Main Application Areas
5.7.1 Crown/Roof of the Glass Tank Furnace
5.7.2 Coke Oven Batteries
5.7.3 Hot Blast Stove
5.8 Silicosis
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Alumina Refractories
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Raw Materials and Sources
6.2.1 Fireclay
6.2.2 Anhydrous Aluminosilicates
6.2.3 Bauxite
6.2.4 Synthetic Raw Materials
6.3 Brief of Manufacturing Techniques
6.4 Classifications and Properties
6.5 Effect of Impurities with Binary and Ternary Phase Diagrams
6.6 Main Application Areas
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Fireclay Refractories
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Raw Materials and Sources
7.3 Grog and its Importance
7.4 Brief of Manufacturing Techniques
7.5 Classifications and Properties
7.5.1 Super Heat Duty (Al[sub(2)]O[sub(3)] Content ~ 40%–45%)
7.5.2 High Heat Duty (Al[sub(2)]O[sub(3)] Content 35%–40%)
7.5.3 Medium Heat Duty (Al[sub(2)]O[sub(3)] Content 30%–35%)
7.5.4 Low Heat Duty (Al[sub(2)]O[sub(3)] Content 25%–30%)
7.5.5 Semi-Silica
7.6 Main Application Areas
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Magnesia Refractories
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Raw Materials and Sources
8.2.1 Magnesite
8.2.2 Fused Magnesia
8.2.3 Sea Water Magnesia
8.2.4 Magnesia From Natural Brine Source
8.2.5 Characteristic of the Raw Materials Affecting the Refractory
8.3 Brief of Manufacturing Technique
8.4 Effect of Lime: Silica Ratio
8.5 Classifications and Properties
8.6 Effect of Impurities with Binary and Ternary Phase Diagrams
8.7 Main Application Areas
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Dolomite Refractories
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Raw Materials and Sources
9.3 Brief of Manufacturing Techniques
9.4 Classifications and Properties
9.5 Effect of Impurities with Binary and Ternary Phase Diagram
9.6 Main Application Areas
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Chromite and MgO–Cr[sub(2)]O[sub(3)] Refractories (Chrome–Mag and Mag–Chrome)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Raw Materials and Sources
10.3 Brief of Manufacturing Techniques
10.3.1 Chromite Refractory
10.3.2 Chrome–Magnesia Refractories
10.3.3 Magnesia–Chrome Refractories
10.4 Classifications and Properties
10.4.1 Chromite Refractories
10.4.2 MgO–Cr[sub(2)]O[sub(3)] Refractories (Chrome–Mag and Mag–Chrome)
10.5 Main Application Areas
10.6 Hazards with Chromite-Containing Refractory
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Magnesia–Carbon Refractories
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Raw Materials, Binders, and Additives
11.2.1 Magnesia
11.2.2 Graphite
11.2.3 Antioxidant
11.2.4 Resin
11.3 Brief of Manufacturing Techniques
11.4 Classifications and Properties
11.5 Degradation of MgO–C Refractories
11.5.1 Dissolution of Magnesium by Slag
11.5.2 Oxidation of Carbon
11.5.3 Abrasion by Molten Steel and Slag
11.5.4 Degradation Due to Thermal and Mechanical Spalling
11.6 Main Application Areas
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Special Refractories
12.1 Zircon and Zirconia Refractories
12.2 Fused-Cast Refractories
12.2.1 Fused-Cast Alumina Refractories
12.2.2 Fused-Cast Alumina–Zirconia–Silica (AZS) Refractories
12.2.3 Fused-Cast Zirconia Refractories
12.2.4 Fused-Cast Alumina–Zirconia Refractories
12.2.5 Fused-Cast Alumina–Silica Refractories
12.3 Insulating Refractories
12.4 Ceramic Fibers
12.5 Carbon Refractories
12.6 Silicon Carbide Refractories
12.7 Other Nonoxides Used in Refractories
12.7.1 Boron Carbide (B[sub(4)]C)
12.7.2 Tungsten Carbide (WC)
12.7.3 Silicon Nitride (Si[sub(3)]N[sub(4)])
12.7.4 Aluminum Nitride (AlN)
12.7.5 Boron Nitride (BN)
12.7.6 Metal Borides
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Unshaped (Monolithic) Refractories
13.1 Introduction and Advantages Over Shaped Refractories
13.2 Classification
13.3 Special Raw Materials and Additives
13.3.1 Major Constituent Fines
13.3.2 Binder
13.3.2.1 High-Alumina Cement
13.3.2.2 Colloidal Silica (Silica Sol)
13.3.2.3 Hydratable Alumina
13.3.2.4 Phosphates
13.3.3 Silica Fume (Flow Modifier)
13.3.4 Dispersants and Anti-Setting Agents
13.3.5 Fibers
13.3.5.1 Organic Fiber
13.3.5.2 Metallic Fiber
13.4 Brief Details of Different Unshaped Refractories
13.4.1 Castables
13.4.1.1 Particle Size Distribution
13.4.1.2 Classification and Properties
13.4.2 Ramming Mass
13.4.3 Gunning Mass
13.4.4 Plastic Mass
13.4.5 Spray Mass and Shotcrete
13.4.6 Mortar
13.4.7 Dry Vibratable Mass
13.5 Main Application Areas
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Chapter 14 Trend of Refractories and Other Issues
14.1 Progress in Refractories
14.2 Nanotechnology in Refractories
14.3 Environmental Aspects
14.3.1 Environment-Friendly (Hazard-Free) Manufacturing Process
14.3.2 Use of Ecofriendly (Hazard-Free) Raw Materials
14.3.3 Chromium-Free Refractories
14.3.4 Environment-Friendly Ceramic Fibers
14.4 Recycling of Refractories
14.4.1 Recycling Processes
14.4.1.1 Open-Loop Recycling
14.4.1.2 Closed-Loop Recycling
14.4.2 Major Steps Involved in Refractory Recycling Process
14.4.2.1 Sorting
14.4.2.2 Pretreatment
Summary of the Chapter
Questions and Assignments
Bibliography
Index