دانلود کتاب Rehabilitation Research: Principles and Applications, 5e

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Front Cover Rehabilitation Research: Principles and Applications Copyright Dedication Preface Acknowledgment Contents Section One: Research Fundamentals Chapter 1: Rehabilitation Research Definitions of research Research Challenges the Status Quo Research Is Creative Research Is Systematic Reasons for developing rehabilitation research Develop Body of Knowledge Determine Whether Interventions Work Improve Patient and Client Care Barriers to rehabilitation research Lack of Funds Lack of Research Mentors Lack of Time Lack of Familiarity with the Research Process Lack of Statistical Support Ethical Concerns About Use of Human Participants and Animal Subjects The Clinician-Researcher Dichotomy Overcoming Barriers The Scientist-Practitioner Status of rehabilitation research Professional Association Goals Research Publication Vehicles Educational Standards Research Funding Summary References Chapter 2: Theory in Rehabilitation Research Relationships Among Theory, Research, and Practice Definitions of Theory Level of Restrictiveness Least Restrictive Definition Moderately Restrictive Definition Most Restrictive Definition Tentativeness of Theory Testability of Theory Scope of Theory Metatheory Grand Theory General, or Middle-Range, Theory Specific, or Practice, Theory Evaluating Theory Putting Theory into Practice: Research, Questions, Hypotheses, and Problems Developing Answerable Research Questions Topic Identification and Selection Problem Identification and Selection Theoretical Framework Identification and Selection Question Identification and Selection Research Methods Identification and Selection Criteria for Evaluating Research Problems Study Is Feasible Problem Is Interesting Problem Is Novel Problem Can Be Studied Ethically Question Is Relevant Summary References Chapter 3: Evidence-Based Practice The need or demand What is evidence-based practice? Evidence-based practice process Evaluating research studies Evaluating the Four Areas of Research Validity Written Evaluations of Research Instituting evidence-based practice Databases of evaluated studies Limitations of evidence-based practice Summary References Chapter 4: Finding Research Literature Reasons for searching the literature Types of information Types of professional literature Finding literature Electronic Databases Not Site Specific Search Fields Boolean Operations Search Limits Some common rehabilitation databases PubMed (MEDLINE) EMBASE Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) PsycINFO Educational Resource Information Center (ERIC) SPORTDiscus Google Scholar HighWire Press Web of Science Dissertation Abstracts International Evidence-Based Review Databases Library catalogs Reference lists and bibliographies Single-journal indexes or databases Organizing your search Summary References Chapter 5: Research Ethics Boundaries between practice and research Moral principles of action The Principle of Beneficence The Principle of Nonmaleficence The Principle of Utility The Principle of Autonomy Health Information Portability and Accountability Act Other Moral Principles Informed consent Research codes of ethics Informed Consent Design Justifies Study Avoidance of Suffering and Injury Risk Is Commensurate with Potential Benefit Independent Review Publication Integrity Explicit Attention to Ethics Ethics in Professional Codes Research risks Physical Risks Psychological Risks Social Risks Economic Risks Summary References Section Two: Research Design Chapter 6: Research Paradigms Quantitative paradigm Assumptions of the Quantitative Paradigm Assumption 1: Single Objective Reality Assumption 2: Independence of Investigator and Subjects Assumption 3: Generalizability of Results Assumption 4: Determining Causation Assumption 5: Value Free Quantitative Methods Theory Selection Measurement Manipulation Control Qualitative paradigm Assumptions of the Qualitative Paradigm Assumption 1: Multiple Constructed Realities Assumption 2: Interdependence of Investigator and Subjects Assumption 3: Results Specific to Time and Context Assumption 4: No Causation Assumption 5: Value Laden Qualitative Methods Theory Selection Measurement Manipulation and Control Single-subject paradigm Assumptions of the Single-Subject Paradigm Single-Subject Methods Theory Selection Measurement Manipulation and Control Relationships among the research paradigms Summary References Chapter 7: Variables Independent variables Levels of independent variables Active and assigned variables Dependent Variables Intervening Variables Confounding and Extraneous Variables Extraneous Variables in the Setting Extraneous Variables Related to Participants Functional relationships Graphs Summary References Chapter 8: Research Validity Internal validity Threats to Internal Validity History Maturation Testing Instrumentation Statistical Regression to the Mean Assignment (Subject Selection) Subject Attrition Interactions Between Assignment and Maturation, History, or Instrumentation Diffusion or Imitation of Treatments Compensatory Equalization of Treatments Compensatory Rivalry or Resentful Demoralization Construct validity Construct Underrepresentation Experimenter Expectancies Interaction Between Different Treatments Interaction Between Testing and Treatment External validity Selection Setting Time External Validity in Single-Subject Research External Validity in Qualitative Research Relationships among types of validity Summary References Chapter 9: Selection and Assignment of Participants Significance of sampling and assignment Population and samples Probability sampling Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling Nonprobability sampling Samples of Convenience Snowball Sampling Purposive Sampling Assignment to groups Random Assignment by Individual Random Assignment by Block Systematic Assignment Matched Assignment Consecutive Assignment Deciding on an Assignment Method Sample size Summary References Section Three: Experimental Designs Chapter 10: Group Designs Assumptions of group designs Randomized controlled trials Practical Considerations in RCTs Cautions About RCTs Single-factor experimental designs Pretest – Posttest Control Group Design Posttest-Only Control Group Design Single-Group Pretest – Posttest Design Nonequivalent Control Group Design Time Series Design Repeated Measures or Repeated Treatment Designs Multiple-factor experimental designs Questions That Lead to a Multiple-Factor Design Factorial Versus Nested Designs Completely Randomized Versus Randomized-Block Designs Between-Groups, Within-Group, and Mixed Designs Summary References Chapter 11: Single-Subject Designs When to use single-subject designs Problems with group designs Characteristics of single-subject designs Single-subject designs A-B Designs Withdrawal Designs Multiple-Baseline Designs Alternating-Treatments Designs Interaction Designs Changing-Criterion Designs Graphing single-subject data Graphing Data for Alternating-Treatments Designs Considerations when using single-subject designs Limitations of single-subject designs Summary References Section Four: Nonexperimental Research for Rehabilitation Chapter 12: Overview of Nonexperimental Research Description Retrospective Descriptive Research Prospective Descriptive Research Observation Examination Interview Questionnaire Analysis of relationships Retrospective Analysis of Relationships Prospective Analysis of Relationships Analysis of differences Retrospective Analysis of Differences Prospective Analysis of Differences Summary References Chapter 13: Clinical Case Reports Contributions of case reports to theory and practice Purposes of case reports Sharing Clinical Experiences Illustrating Evidence-Based Practice Developing Hypotheses for Research Building Problem-Solving Skills Testing Theory Persuading and Motivating Helping to Develop Practice Guidelines and Pathways Format of case reports Summary References Section Five: Research Beyond the Everyday Chapter 14: Qualitative Research Assumptions of the qualitative paradigm Qualitative designs Case Study Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded Theory Qualitative methods Sampling Data Collection Interview How to Interview Getting Information Giving Information Establishing a Relationship Ethnographic Interview Observation Techniques and Processes of Observation Artifacts Data Analysis Data Management Generating Meaning Verification Summary References Chapter 15: Epidemiology Ratios, proportions, and rates Ratios Proportions Rates Prevalence Incidence Relationship Between Incidence and Prevalence Crude, Specific, and Adjusted Rates Relative Risk: Risk Ratios and Odds Ratios Screening and diagnosis Some Concepts from Psychophysics Sensitivity and Specificity Receiver-Operating Characteristic Curves Likelihood Ratios Predictive Value Nonexperimental epidemiological designs Cross-Sectional Studies Case-Control Studies Cohort Studies Summary References Chapter 16: Outcomes Research Purpose of outcomes research Efficacy Effectiveness Frameworks for outcomes research Nagi Model International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Measurement tools for outcomes research Self-Assessment and Other Rating Scales Quality of Life Health-Related Quality of Life Short Form-36 PROMIS Item Response Therapy and Computer Adaptive Testing Instruments, Current and Under Development Validation Condition-Specific Tools Patient-Specific Instruments Satisfaction Design issues for outcomes research Database Research Review of Existing Medical Records Abstracts of Medical Records Administrative Databases In-House Databases National Outcomes Databases Analysis Issues Case Mix Adjustments Techniques for Dealing with Missing Data Survival Analysis Comparisons Across Scales Multivariate Statistics Summary References Chapter 17: Survey Research Scope of survey research Types of information Types of items Open-Format Items Closed-Format Items Multiple Choice Likert Type Semantic Differential Q-Sort Implementation overview Need for Rigor Sample Size and Sampling Mailed surveys Access to a Sampling Frame Researcher-Developed Versus Existing Instruments Questionnaire Development Drafting Expert Review First Revision Pilot Test Final Revision Motivating Prospects to Respond Implementation Details Internet surveys Interview surveys Access to Prospective Participants Development of Interview Schedules Motivating Prospects to Participate Implementation Details Summary References Section Six: Measurement Chapter 18: Measurement Theory Definitions of measurement Variable properties Scales of measurement Nominal Scales Ordinal Scales Interval Scales Ratio Scales Determining the Scale of a Measurement Types of variables Statistical foundations of measurement theory Frequency Distribution Mean Variance Standard Deviation Normal Curve Correlation Coefficient Standard Error of Measurement Measurement frameworks Measurement reliability and validity Measurement Reliability Two Theories of Reliability Components of Reliability Instrument Reliability Intrarater Reliability Interrater Reliability Intrasubject Reliability Quantification of Reliability Relative Reliability Absolute Reliability Measurement Validity Construct Validity Content Validity Criterion Validity Responsiveness to change Summary References Chapter 19: Methodological Research Reliability designs Sources of Variability Levels of Standardization Nonstandardized Approach Highly Standardized Approach Partially Standardized Approach Participant Selection Range of Scores Optimization Designs Standardization Designs Mean Designs Reliability in Nonmethodological Studies Validity designs Construct Validation Content Validation Criterion Validation Responsiveness designs Summary References Section Seven: Data Analysis Chapter 20: Statistical Reasoning Data set Frequency distribution Frequency Distribution with Percentages Grouped Frequency Distribution with Percentages Frequency Histogram Stem-and-Leaf Plot Central tendency Mean Median Mode Variability Range Variance Standard Deviation Normal distribution z Score Percentages of the Normal Distribution Sampling distribution Confidence Intervals of the Sampling Distribution Significant difference Null Hypothesis Alpha Level Probability Determinants Between-Groups Difference Within-Group Variability Effect Size Sample Size Errors Power Statistical conclusion validity Low Power Lack of Clinical Importance Error Rate Problems Violated Assumptions Failure to Use Intention-to-Treat Analysis Summary References Chapter 21: Statistical Analysis of Differences: The Basics Distributions for analysis of differences t Distribution F Distribution Chi-Square Distribution Assumptions of tests of differences Random Selection from a Normally Distributed Population Homogeneity of Variance Level of Measurement Independence or dependence of samples Steps in the statistical testing of differences Statistical analysis of differences Differences Between Two Independent Groups Independent t Test Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test Chi-Square Test of Association Differences Between Two or More Independent Groups One-Way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis Test Chi-Square Test of Association Differences Between Two Dependent Samples Paired- t Test Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test McNemar Test Differences Between Two or More Dependent Samples Repeated Measures ANOVA Friedman' s ANOVA Summary References Chapter 22: Statistical Analysis of Differences: Advanced Advanced anova techniques Differences Between More Than One Independent Variable Between-Subjects Two-Way ANOVA Mixed-Design Two-Way ANOVA Differences Across Several Dependent Variables Effect of Removing an Intervening Variable Analysis of single-subject designs Celeration Line Analysis Level, Trend, Slope, and Variability Analysis Two Standard Deviation Band Analysis C Statistic Survival analysis Survival Curves Differences Between Survival Curves Hypothesis testing with confidence intervals Review of Traditional Hypothesis Testing Foundations for Confidence Interval Testing Interpretation and Examples Power analysis Power Analysis—Design Phase Power Analysis—Analysis Phase Summary References Chapter 23: Statistical Analysis of Relationships: The Basics Correlation Calculation of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Alternative Correlation Coefficients Assumptions of the Correlation Coefficients Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients Strength of the Coefficient Variance Shared by the Two Variables Statistical Significance of the Coefficient Confidence Intervals Around the Coefficient Limits of Interpretation Literature Examples Linear regression Summary References Chapter 24: Statistical Analysis of Relationships: Advanced Reliability analysis Pearson Product Moment Correlation with Extensions Intraclass Correlation Coefficients Kappa Multiple regression Variable Entry in Multiple Regression Interpretation of the Multiple Regression Equation Literature Examples Logistic regression Rationale for Logistic Regression Literature Examples Discriminant analysis Factor analysis Factor Analysis Steps Literature Examples Summary References Section Eight: Being a Consumer of Research Chapter 25: Evaluating Evidence One Article at a Time Elements of a research article Guidelines for discussing published research Generic evaluation of original research studies Step 1: Classify the Research and Variables Step 2: Compare Purposes and Conclusions Step 3: Describe Design and Control Elements Step 4: Identify Threats to Research Validity Step 5: Place the Study in the Context of Other Research Step 6: Evaluate the Personal Utility of the Study Generic evaluation of review articles Step 1: Assess the Clarity of the Review Question Step 2: Evaluate the Article Identification and Selection Strategies Step 3: Determine How the Authors Assess Validity of the Studies Step 4: Evaluate the Results Against the Strength of the Evidence Step 5: Evaluate the Personal Utility of the Review Structured evaluation by clinical research issues Evaluation of levels of evidence Evaluation of randomized controlled trials Summary References Chapter 26: Synthesizing Bodies of Evidence Reasons to synthesize the literature Ways to synthesize the literature Narrative Reviews Systematic Reviews Without Meta-Analysis Systematic Reviews with Meta-Analysis Preparing for a systematic review Determine the Rationale and Purpose of the Review Identify the Literature Select Studies for Inclusion Synthesizing the literature Identify Important Characteristics of Individual Studies Determine the Quality of the Individual Studies Identify Important Constructs Across Studies Make Descriptive Comparisons Across Studies Pool Statistical Data Across Studies Specify Problems That Need Further Study Reporting on systematic reviews Describing Review Methods Presenting Review Results Summary References Section Nine: Implementing Research Chapter 27: Implementing a Research Project The research “backstory” Proposal preparation General Proposal Guidelines Elements of the Research Proposal Title Investigators Problem Statement Purposes Methods Dissemination Budget Work Plan Appendices Approvals Human participants protection Institutional Review Boards Levels of Review Informed Consent Funding Budget Institution Funding Corporation Funding Foundation Funding Types of Foundations Identifying Foundations Applying for Foundation Funds Government Funding Obtaining participants Inpatient Recruitment Outpatient Recruitment Recruitment of the Lay Public Data collection Data Collection Procedures Safeguarding Data Protecting Participant Identity Data Recording Forms Pilot Study Scheduling Participants and Personnel Data Collection Data analysis Data Coding Data Entry Statistical Analysis Summary References Chapter 28: Publishing and Presenting Research Publication of research Types of Publications Peer Review Process Authorship and Acknowledgment Multiple Publication Style Issues Components of a Research Article Presentation of research Platform Presentations Poster Presentations Summary References Appendix A: Random Numbers Table Appendix B: Areas in One Tail of the Standard Normal Curve Appendix C: Questions for Narrative Evaluation of a Research Article Step one Classification of Research and Variables Step two Analysis of Purposes and Conclusions Step three Analysis of Design and Control Elements Step four Validity Questions Step five Place Study into Literature Context Step six Personal Utility Questions Appendix D: Basic Guidelines for Preparing a Journal Article Manuscript Method Participants Facility A References Appendix E: American Medical Association Style: Sample Manuscript for a Hypothetical Study Appendix F: American Psychological Association Style: Sample Manuscript for a Hypothetical Study Appendix G: Sample Platform Presentation Script with Slides Index Mathematical and Statistical Symbols