دانلود کتاب Research Methods in Africana Studies

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Cover
Contents
Preface: Speak to the Posterity
Tehuti, the “Divine Tongue”
The Problem
Acknowledgments
Preface to the Second Edition
Chapter by Chapter Summary of Changes
Chapter 1: Africana Studies and the Science of Knowing
What Is Meant by “Research”?
Why Learn Research Methods?
Africana Studies Domain Theory
Common Ways of Knowing
Tradition
Authority
Common Sense
News and Media
Analytical Misjudgments and Roadblocks to Critical Thought
Overgeneralization
Selective Observation
Inaccurate Observations
Illogical Reasoning
Mistakes in Racial/Cultural Reasoning
Transubstantive Error
Hierarchical Comparative Analysis Problem
Fallacy of Homogeneity
Problem Orientation/Solution Deprivation
Ethnologic Ahistoricism
Disregarding Social Regularities Reaction
Self-Censorship: The Dirty Laundry Quandary
Variables
Causality
Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
Activity 4
Activity 5
Note
Chapter 2: Methodology in Africana Studies Research
Methodology
Paradigms
Inferiority Paradigm
Cultural Deficit Paradigm
Cultural Difference Paradigm
Colonial Paradigm
Pan-African Paradigm
Afrocentric Paradigm
African-Centered Behavioral Change Paradigm
Black Political Economy Paradigm
Kawaida Paradigm
Literary Pan-Africanism
Sacred Worldview Paradigm
Worldview Paradigms Analysis
Positivist Paradigm
Conflict Paradigm
Structural Functionalism
Symbolic Interactionism
Theory
Applying Theory to Social Phenomena
Triple Quandary Theory
Motivation Theory
Multiple Intelligence Theory
Teacher Expectations Theory
Two Cradle Theory
African American Family Functioning Model
African American Male Theory (AAMT)
African Self-Consciousness Theory
Africana Critical Theory
Africana Womanism
Africanity Model
African Feminism
Afrolatinidad
Agency Reduction Formation Theory
Anti-Life Forces Model
Black Consciousness Continuum
Black Existentialism
Black Feminist Theory
Black Queer Theory
Critical Race Theory
Eco-Bio-Communitarianism
Education and Schooling Model
Extended Self Model
Holistic/Solutions Framework for Studying African American Families
Invisibility Syndrome
Laissez-Faire Model of Racism
Lens Theory
Location Theory
The Multisystems Model
Nigrescence Theory
Nosology of African/Black Personality Disorder
Nzuri Theory
Phenomenological Variant of the Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST)
Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome
Sudarkasa’s Seven R’s Model: Seven Cardinal Values of African Family Life
Social Systems Approach to the Study of Black Family Life (SSASBFL)
Site of Resiliency Theory
Situated-Mediated Identity Theory (SMIT)
TRIOS Model
Tripartite Model of Racism
Virtue Theory
Womanism
Womanist Identity Development Model
An Africana Studies Methodology
Sustainable Conceptual Development
Types of Theory: Inductive and Deductive
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Chapter 3: Ethics in Research
Values and Research
The Ethics That Emerged from a Legacy of Abuse
Informed Consent
Non-Malfeasance and Beneficence
Right to Privacy
Deception
Quality
Reporting
African Americans and Research Ethics
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Chapter 4: Research Design
Units of Analysis: The Who and What of Research
The Purpose of Research
Exploratory Research
Descriptive Research
Explanatory Research
Evaluative Research
Predictive Research
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Data Collection
Temporal Order and Research Design
Cross-Sectional Studies
Cohort Studies
Panel Studies
Trend Study
Mixed Methods Research
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Chapter 5: Choosing A Topic, Writing a Question, Reviewing the Literature
The Intersecting Interests Theory for Research in Africana Studies
Developing Topics and Questions
Finding Topics
Developing Research Questions
Hypothesis Testing
Writing a Literature Review
Functions of the Literature Review
What’s Known about Your Topic?
Weaknesses and Gaps in the Literature
Helps Narrow Your Scope
Provides Stylistic Models
Provides Examples of Methods
Exposure to Different Theoretical Approaches
Greater Knowledge of Definitions
Exposure to Connections and Contradictions
Caution! A Word of Warning to Reviewers of Literature
What Kind of Literature Do I Review?
How to Find the Literature
Maximize Your Reading: How to Carefully Read the Literature
Organizing a Literature Review
Final Summary
Referencing and Citing Sources
The Structure of a Research Proposal and a Completed Study
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Works Cited
Appendices
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Chapter 6: Measuring Social Reality
Measuring
Defining Variables
Reliability
Validity
Reliability, Validity, and Preventing Error
Levels of Measurement
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Chapter 7: Sampling Procedures
The Language of Sampling
Bias in Sampling
Coverage Bias
Non-Response Bias
Probability Sampling
Sampling Underrepresented Populations
Non-Probability Sampling
Random Digit Dialing
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Chapter 8: Non-reactive Methods
Material and Visual Culture
Physical Evidence
Limitations of Analyzing Physical Evidence
Content Analysis
Coding Manual
Advantages of Using Content Analysis
Sampling and Criteria for Inclusion in Content Analysis
Coding in Content Analysis
Coding Schedule
Types of Coding: Manifest and Latent
Units of Analysis: What to Look for in Analysis of Content
Significant Actors
Frequency
Subjects and Themes
Dispositions
Space and Prominence
Categorizing Themes
Reporting Themes
Basic Steps in Content Analysis
Validity and Reliability in Content Analysis
Limitations of Content Analysis
Semiotics
Compositional Interpretation
Secondary Analysis
Advantages of Secondary Analysis
Statistical Data
Administrative Data
Official Statistics
Published Data Tables
Historiography
Archival Research
Limitations of Secondary Data
The Problem of Missing Data
Means of Data Collection and Misleading Conclusions
The Problem of Reliability in Secondary Analysis
The Implications of Data Availability
The Problem of Validity in Secondary Analysis
The Inductive and Deductive Challenge
Why Collect Original Data?
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Chapter 9: Scales and Indexes
Indicators
The Importance of Indexes
Creating a Scale or Index
Face validity
Unidimensionality
Exhaustiveness
Mutual Exclusivity
Variance
Empirical Relationships
Scaling Formats
The Likert Scale
Social Distance Scale
Guttman Scale
Thurstone Scale
Semantic Differential
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
Chapter 10: Survey Design: Asking Questions
The Survey Process
Practical Function of Surveys
Two Means of Collecting Survey Data
Constructing Survey Items
Vignette Questions
Avoiding Problems in Asking Questions: The Rules of Item Construction
Self-Administered Questionnaire Design
Instructions
Order of Questions
Questionnaire Format
Conducting the Self-Administered Questionnaire
Follow-Up Questionnaires and Letters
Cover Letter
Length and Appearance
Payment
Diaries
Advantages of Questionnaires
Disadvantages of Questionnaires
Interviews
Conducting Interviews
Know the Interview Schedule
Introducing the Research to the Respondent
Appearance of the Interviewer
Wording
Probing
Training Interviewers
Underrepresented Groups in Interviewing
Ending the Interview
Telephone Interviews
Computer-Assisted Interviewing
Online Surveys
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
Activity 4
Chapter 11: Experimental Design
Classic Experimental Designs
Threats to Internal Validity
Matching and Random Selection
Pre-Experimental Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Threats to External Validity
Strengths and Weaknesses of Experimental Designs
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
Chapter 12: Qualitative Field Research and Data Analysis
Qualitative Methods
Field Research
Ethnography
Observation/Participant Observation
Taking Field Notes
What to Write About
Qualitative Interviews
Analysis of Cultural Documents
Critical Ethnography
Visual Ethnography
Virtual Ethnography
Autoethnography
Oral History
Discourse Analysis
Conversation Analysis
Profiling
Narrative Analysis
Case Studies
Focus Groups
Tips for Being Successful in the Field
Sampling in Qualitative Research
Validity and Reliability
Strengths and Limitations
Qualitative Data Analysis
CAQDAS
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis
Scales of Measurement for Different Types of Variables
Coding Quantitative Data
Descriptive Statistics
Univariate Analysis
Types of Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Dispersion
The Normal Distribution
Percentiles and Percentile Ranks
Z-Scores
Bivariate Analysis
Strength of Association
Multivariate Analysis
Inferential Statistics
Hypothesis Testing
Additional Statistical Procedures
Geographic Information Systems
Key Terms
Thinking about Science
Activity 1
Activity 2
Activity 3
Glossary
Works Cited
Index