دانلود کتاب Research Methods in Psychology: A Handbook, Fourth Edition

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Title Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Scientific Method
The Scientific Method as a Way of Knowing
Intuition and Superstition
Authority
Rational-Inductive Argument
The Scientific Method
The Objectives of Science and the Scientific Method
Description as a Research Objective
Explanation and Prediction as Research Objectives
Control as a Research Objective
A Word About Theories
Research Criticism
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 2: Ethics in Research
Ethical Treatment of Research Participants
Ethical Treatment of Human Participants: Guidelines and Codes
Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical Treatment of Animal Participants
Ethics and the Reporting of Research Results
Ethics and the Sponsorship of Research
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 3: The Research Process
Reliability and Validity
Internal Validity and Confounds
External Validity
Hypotheses and Predictions
Hypothesis Testing
Errors in Hypothesis Testing
The Probability of Making a Type I Error
The Probability of Making a Type II Error
Why We Do Not Accept the Null Hypothesis
How to Do Science
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 4: Research Reports and Literature Searches
Research Reports and Scholarly Journals
The Review Process
The Organization of Research Reports
How to Find Research Reports: The Literature Search
Using the Internet for Literature Searches
An Internet Search Example
Information Provided in Search Results
Other Sources of Potentially Useful Citations
Citing References in the Text
A Citation
The Reference List
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 5: The Role of Statistics in Research
Scales of Measurement
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Importance of Scales of Measurement
Types of Statistical Techniques
Describing the Data
Measures of Relationships
Comparing Scores
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 6: Introduction to Experimentation and the Between-Groups Design
Experiments Versus Correlational Studies: Causation
Equivalent Groups
Temporal Priority
Control Over Extraneous Variables
Internal Validity and Common Confounds
Experimenter Bias and Demand Characteristics
Instrumentation Effects
Subject Attrition
Different Treatment of Groups
Error Variance and Sensitivity of the Dependent Variable
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 7: The Within-Subjects Design
Types of Within-Subjects Designs
Advantages of the Within-Subjects Design
Disadvantages of the Within-Subjects Design
Order Effects and Counterbalancing
Complete Within-Subjects Design
Incomplete Within-Subjects Design
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 8: Quasi-Experimental Designs
Types of Research Designs
Types of Preexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
Preexperimental Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Time-Series Designs
Threats to the Internal Validity of Quasi-Experimental Designs
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 9: More Complex Designs and Research Questions
Factorial Designs
Using a Factorial Design
Interpreting Main Effects
Graphing the Cell Means
Other Types of Two-Factor Designs
Other Higher-Order Designs and Their Interactions
Questions of Relationships and Making Predictions
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 10: Using Natural Settings: Observational Studies and Field Experiments
Uses of Observational Studies and Field Experiments
Types of Observational Research Designs
Naturalistic Observation
Participant Observation
Field Experiments
Problems and Pitfalls of Observational Studies
Influence of the Observer on Behavior
Observer Bias
Biases Resulting From the Use of Nonhuman Observers
Choosing the Type of Observational Design
Data Collection
Reliability
Techniques for Data Collection
Narrative Records
Checklists
Types of Data Collected
Sampling Techniques
Behavior Sampling
Situation Sampling
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 11: Surveys and Interviews
Surveys Versus Questionnaires
Surveys: How and Why to Use Them
Written Surveys
Mail Surveys
Internet Surveys
Group-Administered Surveys
Interviews
Telephone Surveys
Personal Interviews
Survey Construction
Layout of Questions
Wording of Questions and Response Options
Closed and Open-Ended Questions
Question Wording and Structure
Measurement Tools
Survey Development and Pilot Study
Sampling Techniques
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 12: Single-Subject Designs
Single-Subject Design—Overview
Types of Single-Subject Designs
Baseline Measures
Single-Subject Time-Series Designs
Reversal Design
Alternating-Treatments Design
Multiple-Baselines Design
Changing-Criterion Design
Threats to the Internal Validity of Single-Subject Designs
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Chapter 13: Physical Traces and Archival Data: Two Nonreactive Measurement Techniques
Physical Traces
Traces
Products
Concerns With Physical Trace Studies
Ethical Considerations
Archival Data Investigations
Concerns With Archival Data Studies
Ethical Considerations
Summary
• Important Terms and Concepts
• End of Chapter Questions
• Answers to Select End of Chapter Questions
Appendix A: Basic Statistical Techniques
Appendix B: Statistical Tables
Appendix C: APA Publication Style
Glossary
Bibliography
Index