دانلود کتاب Research Methods in Social Relations

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Cover Title page Copyright page Contents Preface to the Eighth Edition Acknowledgments About the Companion Website Part I: Underpinnings of Social Relations Research Chapter 1: Ways of Thinking and Knowing Recognizing Importance of Research Methods and Relevance of Research Perspective The Place of Values in Social Science Research Contestability in Social and Physical Sciences Casual Observation Naïve Hypotheses and Theories of Social Behavior Sources of Support for Naïve Hypotheses Underlying Casual Observation Logical Analysis Authority Consensus Observation Past Experience Toward a Science of Social Behavior Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 2: Doing Social Science Research The Nature of Social Science Theories and Hypotheses What Makes a Theory Productive? The Functions of Research in Constructing Theories Discovery Demonstration Refutation Replication Criteria for Evaluating Social Science Research Construct Validity Internal Validity External Validity Conclusion Validity Maximizing Construct Validity Maximizing Internal Validity Maximizing External Validity Basic and Applied Research Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 3: Ethical Principles The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Why Did Ethical Concerns Arise? The Belmont Report Respect for Persons Beneficence Justice Focus on Ethical Issues in Experimental Research: Deception Using Deception in an Ethical Manner Focus on Ethical Issues in Quasi-Experimental Research: Confidentiality and Anonymity Focus on Ethical Issues in Non-Experimental Research: Participant Observation Is Not Doing a Study Ethical? The Ethical Review Process Closing Thoughts Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 4: Roles and Relations among Researchers, Practitioners, and Participants in Engaged Research Roles of Researchers in Work with Practitioners, Policy Makers, and Participants in Social Research Action Research Approaches Participatory Action Research Community-Based Participatory Research Importance of Work that Engages Practitioners and Is Relevant to Policy Historical Roots of Engaged Research Importance of Collaborative Engaged Research Prior Social Relations Research Affecting Policy and Practice Applied versus Translational Research Practical Suggestions for Developing Relations with Policy Makers, Practitioners, and Communities Developing Relationships Being Aware of and Acknowledging Other Ongoing Research and Partnership Efforts Organizing Meetings Building Commitment to the Work Dynamics of Power in Relationships with Communities Communication Establishing Timelines for Work and a Work Plan Finding Support for the Research Summary Illustrative Examples 1. Schoolyard Gardens 2. After-School Programs Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 5: Research in Laboratory Settings When Should the Laboratory Be Used? Universalistic versus Particularistic Research Goals Basic versus Applied Research Examining What Does Happen versus What Would Happen Manipulable versus Nonmanipulable Independent Variables Short versus Long Time Frames Participants’ Awareness of the Research Summary Types of Laboratory Study Impact Studies Judgment Studies Observational Studies Summary Artifact and Artificiality The Laboratory and Types of Validity “Artificiality” of the Laboratory Overcoming Threats to Validity of Laboratory Research Elements of a Laboratory Study Setting Independent Variable Manipulation Checks Dependent Variable Debriefing Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 6: Research in Field and Community-Based Settings Levels of Analysis Randomization: Pro and Con Illustrations of Non-Laboratory Research Experimental Research: The Jigsaw Classroom Non-Experimental Research: Engaging and Persisting in Volunteerism Non-Experimental Research: Impacts of Post-Secondary Education on Inmate Recidivism Rates, an Action Research Study Can We Afford Not to Do Applied Research? Illustration: Living Downwind of Nuclear Reactors Conducting Research in Community Settings Cultural Issues Control of Extraneous Factors, Statistical and Otherwise Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Part II: Research Approaches in Social Relations Research Chapter 7: Measurement and Reliability From Abstract Concepts to Concrete Representations Constructs Variables Operational Definitions Operational Definitions Are Necessary but Rarely Sufficient Definitional Operationism Measurement Presupposes a Clearly Defined Construct Developing Questionnaire Items Questions Aimed at Facts Questions Aimed at Beliefs or Attitudes Questions Aimed at Friendship Patterns and Attitudes toward Specific Others Questions Aimed at Behavior Question Content: General Issues Question Structure Expressing All Alternatives Avoiding Unwarranted Assumptions Open-Ended versus Closed-Ended Questions Response Options for Closed-Ended Questions Filters and the Assessment of No Opinion Question Sequence Sequence within a Topic Area Item Wording for Sensitive Questions Creating Multiple-Item Scales Issues Concerning Item Construction in Multiple-Item Scales Levels of Measurement Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Types of Multiple-Item Scales Differential Scales Cumulative Scales Summated Scales Semantic Differential Scales Reliability and Sources of Unreliability Test–Retest Reliability Internal Consistency Reliability Inter-Rater Reliability Factors that Affect Reliability Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 8: Evaluating the Construct Validity of Measures Using Multiple Methods of Measurement Indirect Methods of Measurement Collateral Reports Observation Physiological Measures Other Indirect Methods Summary Evaluating Construct Validity Face Validity Content Validity Criterion Validity Convergent Validity Discriminant Validity Validity and the Nomological Net The Multitrait–Multimethod Matrix Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses Cultural Issues in Measurement Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 9: Sampling Methods Some Basic Definitions and Concepts Nonprobability Sampling Haphazard Samples Quota Samples Purposive Samples Snowball Samples Concluding Thoughts about Nonprobability Sampling Probability Sampling Simple Random Samples Selecting a Random Sample Obtaining and Using Random Numbers Principles Underlying the Use of Probability Sampling Common Errors in Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Sampling Sampling Error Random Digit Dial (RDD) Telephone Sampling Sampling Elements Other Than People Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 10: Randomized Experiments Controlling and Manipulating Variables Random Assignment Independent Variables that Vary Within and Between Participants Threats to Internal Validity Selection Maturation History Instrumentation Mortality Selection by Maturation Illustrating Threats to Internal Validity with a Research Example Selection Selection by Maturation Maturation History Instrumentation Mortality Construct Validity of Independent Variables in a Randomized Experiment Alternative Experimental Designs Design 1: Randomized Two-Group Design Design 2: Pretest–Posttest Two-Group Design Design 3: Solomon Four-Group Design Design 4: Between-Participants Factorial Design Repeated Measures Designs Analyzing Data from Experimental Designs Strengths and Weaknesses of Randomized Experiments Experimental Artifacts External Validity The Problem of College Sophomores in the Laboratory The Failure of Experiments to Provide Useful Descriptive Data Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 11: Quasi-Experimental and Other Nonrandomized Designs Examples of Nonrandomized Designs Survey Study Quasi-Experimental Intervention Study Conditions for Causality Illustrative Nonrandomized Designs Static-Group Comparison Design Pretest–Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design Interrupted Time-Series Design Replicated Interrupted Time-Series Design Single Case/Single Subject Designs Regression Effects: Challenges of Matching in Quasi-Experimentation Regression Discontinuity Analysis Propensity Score Matching Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 12: Non-Experimental Research Types of Non-Experimental Research Causal Thinking and Correlational Data Analyzing Non-Experimental Quantitative Data Longitudinal Panel Designs Naturalness in Research Benefits and Costs of Naturalness When Might We Not Need Natural Settings? Observational Research Unobtrusive Measures Involving Physical Traces Systematic Observation Relatively Unstructured Methods: Ethological Approaches Structured Methods: Checklists or Coding Schemes Steps in Conducting an Observation Archival Research Statistical Records Characteristics of Archival Research Research Survey Archives Verbal Records Issues in Archival Research Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 13: Qualitative Research Narrative Analysis Research Example of Narrative Analysis Analyzing and Reporting Narrative Data Focus Groups How Focus Groups Are Structured and Conducted Case Study of the Strategic Use of Focus Groups What Focus Groups Can and Cannot Do Oral History Participant Observation Field Notes Analyzing Field Notes Generalization Ethical Concerns Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 14: Survey Research Major Components of Survey Research and Sources of Error Major Survey Research Designs Modes of Data Collection Questionnaires Face-to-Face Interviews Telephone Interviews Asking Sensitive Questions Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 15: Evaluation Research Background Defining Program Evaluation Program Evaluation and Accountability Steps in an Evaluation Summative and Formative Evaluations Detailed Description of Stages in Conducting a Program Evaluation Developing a Conceptual Model Developing Evaluation Questions Developing an Evaluation Design Collecting Data Analyzing Data Providing Information to Interested Audiences A Quasi-Experimental Program Evaluation: Compensatory Education The Politics of Applied and Evaluation Research Results with Immediate Impact Vested Interests and Competing Criteria Technical Decisions with Ideological Consequences Clients’ and Other Stakeholders’ Participation in Evaluations Summary Key Terms On the Web Further Reading APPENDIX: Criteria for Effective Evaluations Chapter 16: Mixed Methods Approaches: Learning from Complementary Methods Overview When to Use Mixed Methods Triangulation Brief Background of Mixed Methods Approaches Types of Mixed Methods Approaches Framing Perspectives for Mixed Methods Decisions in Selecting the Type of Mixed Methods Design Major Types of Mixed Methods Designs Convergent Parallel Design Explanatory Sequential Design Exploratory Sequential Design Embedded Design Transformative Design Multiphase Design Wrapping Up Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Part III: Analysis and Writing Chapter 17: Critically Reviewing Research Reports and Literatures Reviewing Individual Research Studies Step One: Read the Abstract Step Two: Read the Introduction Step Three: Read the Method Section with a Fine-Tooth Comb Step Four: Evaluate the Results Step Five: Take the Discussion Section with More than a Grain of Salt Reviewing Bodies of Research on a Single Topic Searching the Literature Other Ways of Locating Articles Reviewing the Literature: “Traditionally” and Meta-Analytically Understanding the Concept of Effect Size: The Foundation of Meta-Analysis Coding Studies for a Meta-Analysis Coding Other Features of Studies Basic Meta-Analytic Tests: Combining and Comparing Studies Writing and Reading Meta-Analyses Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading Chapter 18: Writing the Research Report Preface Some Preliminary Considerations Which Report Should You Write? The “Hourglass” Shape of the Report Introduction What Is the Problem Being Investigated? The Literature Review Your Study Method What to Include Ethical Issues Results Setting the Stage Presenting the Findings Discussion Summary or Abstract References Appendix Some Suggestions on Procedure and Style Accuracy and Clarity Work from an Outline Write Simply. Use Examples. Use Friends as Reviewers Omit Needless Words Avoid Metacomments on the Writing Use Repetition and Parallel Construction Be Compulsive. Be Willing to Restructure Person and Voice Tense Avoid Language Bias Summary Key Concepts On the Web Further Reading References Index