دانلود کتاب Science, Technology and Society: An Introduction

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Contents\nAbout the Authors\nList of Figures\nList of Tables\n1: Introduction: Why Do We Need to Rethink Science?\n 1.1 The Re-emergence of Scientism\n 1.2 A Complementary Vision\n 1.3 Science as a Humanist Enterprise\n References\nPart I: From the Philosophy of Science to the Social Studies of Science\n 2: Gnoseology: The Foundations of Human Knowledge\n 2.1 Language and Reality: Arbitrary Relationship?\n 2.1.1 The Role of Language\n 2.2 Classifications: Concepts and Terms\n 2.3 The Three Spheres of Knowledge: Saying, Doing, Thinking\n 2.3.1 The Sphere of Thought\n 2.3.1.1 Is There Such Thing as Universal Concepts?\n 2.3.1.2 Oral Cultures Versus Written Cultures\n 2.3.2 The Sphere of Language\n 2.3.2.1 Facts as Material-Symbolic Phenomena Guided by Theory\n 2.3.3 The Sphere of Action\n 2.4 Tacit Knowledge: Its Role in Everyday Life and in Science\n References\n 3: Epistemology: The Foundations of Scientific Knowledge\n 3.1 Neo-positivism\n 3.1.1 Reductionism\n 3.1.2 A Denotative Theory of Meaning\n 3.1.3 The Verification Principle\n 3.1.4 The Concept of Scientific Law\n 3.1.5 Induction\n 3.1.6 The Legacy of Neo-positivism\n 3.1.6.1 We Are Not a Mouse Weighing 80 kg!\n 3.2 Popper’s Realism and Critical Rationalism\n 3.2.1 Falsifiability\n 3.2.2 Science on … Stilts\n 3.2.3 Political Liberalism\n 3.2.4 The Critique of Induction\n 3.2.5 The Demarcation Criterion\n 3.2.6 Rationality as Critique and Discussion\n References\n 4: Society in Science\n 4.1 The Critiques Levelled Against Popper\n 4.2 Science Revisited: Norwood R. Hanson\n 4.2.1 Abduction\n 4.3 The Social Dimension of Science: Thomas Kuhn\n 4.3.1 The Critiques of Kuhn and of His Legacy\n 4.4 Freed Science: Paul K. Feyerabend\n 4.5 Common Sense in Science\n 4.6 Scientific Knowledge and Common Sense Knowledge: A Circular Relationship\n 4.7 Deconstructed Science: Metaphors, Metonymies and Analogies\n 4.7.1 Each Name (Common or Scientific) has a Metaphorical or Analogical Origin\n 4.7.2 The Initial Baptism\n 4.7.3 The Influence of Metaphors\n 4.7.4 Metaphors and Ideologies\n References\n 5: The Advent of the Studies of Science and of Technology\n 5.1 The Advent of the Sociology of Science: Robert K. Merton\n 5.2 The Edinburgh School “Strong Programme”\n 5.3 The Experimental Method: Cultural Assumptions and Deviance\n 5.4 Mathematics and Logics as Social Institutions\n 5.4.1 The Empirical Programme of Relativism\n 5.5 The Strong Programme....Reinforced: Bruno Latour\n 5.5.1 The Actor-Network Theory (ANT)\n 5.5.2 Culture and Nature\n 5.6 A Summary\n 5.6.1 Realists\n 5.6.2 Critical Realists\n 5.6.3 Soft Realists\n 5.6.4 Constructivists\n 5.6.5 Relativists\n References\nPart II: Main Themes in STS\n 6: The Boundaries of Science\n 6.1 The Problem of Demarcation\n 6.1.1 Essentialist Approaches: Falsificationism, Institutionalised Ethos and Paradigmatic Consensus\n 6.1.2 The Constructivist Hypothesis and Boundary Work\n 6.2 Drawing and Redrawing the Boundaries of the Scientific Community\n 6.2.1 The Royal Society at the Start of the Seventeenth Century and the Problem of Testimony\n 6.2.2 Modern Times\n 6.3 Science Situated: From the “View from Nowhere” to “Truth-Spots”\n 6.3.1 The Hospital and the Segmented Human Body\n 6.3.2 The Laboratory\n References\n 7: Science Behind the Scenes\n 7.1 Experiments\n 7.1.1 The Experimenter’s Regress\n 7.2 Facts, Black Boxes and Ships in Bottles\n 7.3 Laboratory Studies and Epistemic Cultures\n References\n 8: Scientists, Experts and Public Opinion\n 8.1 Expertise: A Status Attributed to a Group\n 8.1.1 An Increasingly Blurred Boundary\n 8.2 The Communication of Science\n 8.2.1 Public Understanding of Science and the Information Deficit Model\n 8.2.2 From Public Engagement to Citizen Science\n References\n 9: Science and Technology: Two Sides of the Same Coin\n 9.1 The Emergence of Technology Studies\n 9.2 From Technological Determinism to the Social Shaping of Technology (SST)\n 9.3 The Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)\n 9.4 Actors and Artefacts in the Actor-Network Theory (ANT)\n 9.5 The Ecological Approach to Technology\n 9.6 Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Sociology of Expectations\n References\n 10: Science, Technology and Gender\n 10.1 Women in Science\n 10.2 The Construction of Gender and Critical Empiricism\n 10.3 The Standpoint Theory and Situated Knowledge\n 10.4 Gender and Technology\n References\nPart III: Contemporary Fields of Inquiry\n 11: Environment\n 11.1 The Cultural Construction of Nature\n 11.2 Climate Change\n 11.3 Anthropocene\n References\n 12: Digital Societies\n 12.1 Algorithms\n 12.2 Digital Sociology and Its Methodological Challenges\n 12.3 Artificial Intelligence\n References\n 13: Medicine and Biotechnologies\n 13.1 Medicalisation, Normalisation and Biopolitics\n 13.2 The Human Genome Project\n 13.3 Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology\n References\n 14: Five Challenges for the Future\n 14.1 Multispecies Ethnography\n 14.2 Agriculture\n 14.3 Science and the Senses\n 14.4 Risks, Disasters and Resilience\n 14.5 The Personalisation of Medicine: From Pharmacogenomics to Self-Tracking Tools\n References\n 15: Conclusion\n References\nReferences\nIndex