دانلود کتاب Sensation & Perception

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Contents
Preface
Digital Resources for: Sensation & Perception, Sixth Edition
1: Introduction
1.1 Sensation & Perception: Welcome to Our World
1.2 Thresholds and the Dawn of Psychophysics
Psychophysical Methods
Scaling Methods
Signal Detection Theory
1.3 Sensory Neuroscience and the Biology of Perception
Nerves and Specific Nerve Energies
Neuronal Connections
Neuronal Firing: The Action Potential
Neuroimaging
1.4 Modeling as a Method: Math and Computation
Computational Models: Probability, Statistics, and Networks
Deep Learning
Summary
2: The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals
2.1 A Little Light Physics
2.2 Eyes That Capture Light
Focusing Light onto the Retina
The Retina
What the Doctor Saw
Retinal Geography and Function
2.3 Dark and Light Adaptation
Pupil Size
Photopigment Regeneration
The Duplex Retina
Neural Circuitry
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life When Good Retina Goes Bad
2.4 Retinal Information Processing
Light Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors
Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells
Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells
Scientists at Work Is One Photon Enough to See?
Summary
3: Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes
3.1 Visual Acuity: Oh Say, Can You See?
A Visit to the Eye Doctor
More Types of Visual Acuity
Acuity for Low-Contrast Stripes
Why Sine Wave Gratings?
3.2 Retinal Ganglion Cells and Stripes
3.3 The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
3.4 The Striate Cortex
The Topography of the Human Cortex
Some Perceptual Consequences of Cortical Magnification
3.5 Receptive Fields in Striate Cortex
Orientation Selectivity
Other Receptive-Field Properties
Simple and Complex Cells
Further Complications
3.6 Columns and Hypercolumns
3.7 Selective Adaptation: The Psychologist’s Electrode
The Site of Selective Adaptation Effects
Spatial Frequency–Tuned Pattern Analyzers in Human Vision
3.8 The Development of Vision
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life The Girl Who Almost Couldn’t See Stripes
Development of the Contrast Sensitivity Function
Scientists at Work Does the Duck’s Left Eye Know What the Right Eye Saw?
Summary
4: Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
4.1 From Simple Lines and Edges to Properties of Objects
Scientists at Work Rüdiger von der Heydt, Border Ownership, and Transparency
4.2 What and Where Pathways
4.3 The Problems of Perceiving and Recognizing Objects
4.4 Mid-Level Vision
Finding Edges
Texture Segmentation and Grouping
Figure and Ground
Dealing with Occlusion
Parts and Wholes
Summarizing Mid-Level Vision
From Metaphor to Formal Model
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Material Perception: The Everyday Problem of Knowing What It Is Made Of
4.5 Object Recognition
Can We Build It?
Multiple Recognition Committees?
Faces: An Illustrative Special Case
Summary
5: The Perception of Color
5.1 Basic Principles of Color Perception
Three Steps to Color Perception
5.2 Step 1: Color Detection
5.3 Step 2: Color Discrimination
The Principle of Univariance
The Trichromatic Solution
Metamers
The History of Trichromatic Theory
A Brief Digression into Lights, Filters, and Finger Paints
From Retina to Brain: Repackaging the Information
Cone-Opponent Cells in the Retina and LGN
5.4 Step 3: Color Appearance
Three Numbers, Many Colors
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Picking Colors
The Limits of the Rainbow
Opponent Colors
Color in the Visual Cortex
5.5 Individual Differences in Color Perception
Language and Color
Genetic Differences in Color Vision
Does Everyone See the Same Colors? The Special Case of Synesthesia
5.6 From the Color of Lights to a World of Color
Adaptation and Afterimages
Color Constancy
The Problem with the Illuminant
Physical Constraints Make Constancy Possible
5.7 What Is Color Vision Good For?
Scientists at Work Filtering Colors
Summary
6: Space Perception and Binocular Vision
6.1 Monocular Cues to Three-Dimensional Space
Pictorial Depth Cues
Occlusion
Size and Position Cues
Aerial Perspective
Linear Perspective
Seeing Depth in Pictures
6.2 Triangulation Cues to Three-Dimensional Space
Motion Cues
Accommodation and Convergence
6.3 Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
Stereoscopes and Stereograms
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Recovering Stereo Vision
Random Dot Stereograms
Using Stereopsis
Stereoscopic Correspondence
The Physiological Basis of Stereopsis and Depth Perception
Scientists at Work Stereopsis in a Hunting Insect
6.4 Combining Depth Cues
The Bayesian Approach Revisited
Illusions and the Construction of Space
Binocular Rivalry and Suppression
6.5 Development of Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
Abnormal Visual Experience Can Disrupt Binocular Vision
Summary
7: Attention and Scene Perception
7.1 Selection in Space
The “Spotlight” of Attention
7.2 Visual Search
Feature Searches Are Efficient
Many Searches Are Inefficient
Scientists at Work How Would You Study Visual Search by a Fish?
Guided Searches in the Real World
The Binding Problem in Visual Search
Binding between the Senses
7.3 Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink
7.4 The Physiological Basis of Attention
Attention Could Enhance Neural Activity
Attention Could Enhance the Processing of a Specific Type of Stimulus
Attention and Single Cells
Attention May Change the Way Neurons Talk to Each Other
7.5 Disorders of Visual Attention
Neglect
Extinction
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Selective Attention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
7.6 Perceiving and Understanding Scenes
Two Pathways to Scene Perception
The Nonselective Pathway Computes Ensemble Statistics
The Nonselective Pathway Computes Scene Gist and Layout—Very Quickly
Memory for Objects and Scenes Is Amazingly Good
But … Memory for Objects and Scenes Can Be Amazingly Bad: Change Blindness
What Do We Actually See?
Summary
8: Visual Motion Perception
8.1 Motion Aftereffects
8.2 Computation of Visual Motion
Apparent Motion
The Correspondence Problem: Viewing through an Aperture
Detection of Global Motion in Area MT
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life The Man Who Couldn’t See Motion
Second-Order Motion
8.3 Using Motion Information
Going with the Flow: Using Motion Information to Navigate
Avoiding Imminent Collision: The Tao of Tau
Something in the Way You Move: Using Motion Information to Identify Objects
Motion-Induced Blindness (MIB)
8.4 Eye Movements
Physiology and Types of Eye Movements
Eye Movements and Reading
Saccadic Suppression and the Comparator
Updating the Neural Mechanisms for Eye Movement Compensation
8.5 Development of Motion Perception
Scientists at Work Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner
Summary
9: Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics
9.1 The Function of Hearing
9.2 What Is Sound?
Basic Qualities of Sound Waves: Frequency and Amplitude
Sine Waves and Complex Sounds
9.3 Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System
Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
The Auditory Nerve
Auditory Brain Structures
9.4 Basic Operating Characteristics of the Auditory System
Intensity and Loudness
Scientists at Work Why Don’t Manatees Get Out of the Way When a Boat Is Coming?
Frequency and Pitch
9.5 Hearing Loss
Types of Hearing Loss
Causes of Hearing Loss
Treating Hearing Loss
Using versus Detecting Sound
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Electronic Ears
Summary
10: Hearing in the Environment
10.1 Sound Localization
Interaural Time Difference
Interaural Level Difference
Cones of Confusion
Pinnae and Head Cues
Scientists at Work Vulcan Ears
Auditory Distance Perception
Spatial Hearing and Blindness
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Sounds from Wind Farms
10.2 Complex Sounds
Harmonics
Timbre
Attack and Decay
10.3 Auditory Scene Analysis
Spatial, Spectral, and Temporal Segregation
Grouping by Timbre
Grouping by Onset
When Hearing Dominates Vision
When Sounds Become Familiar
10.4 Continuity and Restoration Effects
Restoration of Complex Sounds
10.5 Auditory Attention
Summary
11: Music and Speech Perception
11.1 Music
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Music and Emotion
Musical Notes
Making Music
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Sonic Seasoning
11.2 Speech
Speech Production
Speech Perception
Scientists at Work Tickling the Cochlea
Learning to Listen
Speech in the Brain
Summary
12: Vestibular Sensation
12.1 Vestibular Contributions
12.2 Evolutionary Development and Vestibular Sensation
12.3 Modalities and Qualities of Spatial Orientation
Sensing Angular Motion (“Rotation”), Linear Motion (“Translation”), and Tilt
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life The Vestibular System, Virtual Reality, and Motion Sickness
Basic Qualities of Spatial Orientation: Amplitude and Direction
12.4 The Vestibular Organs
Hair Cells: Mechanical Transducers
Semicircular Canals
Otolith Organs
12.5 Spatial Orientation Perception
Rotation Perception
Translation Perception
Tilt Perception
12.6 Multisensory Integration
Visual-Vestibular Multisensory Integration
12.7 Beyond Multisensory Integration: Active Sensing
12.8 Reflexive Vestibular Responses
Vestibulo-Ocular Responses
Vestibulo-Autonomic Responses
Vestibulo-Spinal Responses
12.9 Multisensory Spatial Orientation Cortex
Vestibular Thalamocortical Pathways
Cortical Influences
12.10 When the Vestibular System Goes Bad
Falls and Vestibular Function
Mal de Debarquement Syndrome
Scientists at Work Vestibular Aging
Ménière’s Syndrome
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Amusement Park Rides—Vestibular Physics Is Fun
Summary
13: Touch
13.1 Physical Inputs to Touch
Touch Physiology
Touch Receptors and Neural Fibers
From Skin to Brain
Pain
Scientists at Work Tickling Rats
Neural Plasticity of Somatosensation
13.2 Tactile Sensitivity and Acuity
How Sensitive Are We to Mechanical Pressure?
How Finely Can We Resolve Spatial Details?
How Finely Can We Resolve Temporal Details?
Do People Differ in Tactile Sensitivity?
13.3 Haptic Perception
Perception for Action
Action for Perception
The What System of Touch: Perceiving Objects and Their Properties
The Where System of Touch: Locating Objects
Tactile Spatial Attention
Social Touch
Interactions between Touch and Other Modalities
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Tangible Phones and Tablets
Summary
14: Olfaction
14.1 Olfactory Physiology
Odors and Odorants
The Human Olfactory Apparatus
How Well Do We Smell?
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Anosmia and Conditions that Affect Olfactory Function
14.2 Neurophysiology of Olfaction
The Genetic Basis of Olfactory Receptors
The “Feel” of Scent
14.3 From Chemicals to Smells
Theories of Olfactory Perception
The Importance of Patterns
Is Odor Perception Synthetic or Analytical?
Nasal Power
Odor Imagery
14.4 Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation
Detection
Discrimination and Recognition
Psychophysical Methods for Detection, Discrimination, and Recognition
Identification: Olfaction and Language
Individual Differences
Adaptation
Scientists at Work A New Test to Diagnose Parkinson’s Disease
Cognitive Habituation and Odor Consciousness
14.5 Olfactory Hedonics
Familiarity and Intensity
Nature or Nurture?
An Evolutionary Argument
Caveats
14.6 Associative Learning and Emotion: Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Considerations
The Vomeronasal Organ, Human Pheromones, and Chemosignals
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Odor-Evoked Memory and the Truth behind Aromatherapy
Summary
15: Taste
15.1 Taste versus Flavor
Localizing Flavor Sensations: The Role of Taste
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life Volatile-Enhanced Taste: A New Way to Sweeten Foods
15.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System
Taste Myth: The Tongue Map
Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells
Non-Oral Locations for Taste Receptors
Taste Processing in the Central Nervous System
15.3 The Four Basic Tastes?
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Sweet
15.4 Are There More Than Four Basic Tastes? Does It Matter?
Protein: The Umami Question
Fat
15.5 Genetic Variation in Bitter
Supertasters
Health Consequences of Variation in Taste Sensations
15.6 How Do Taste and Flavor Contribute to the Regulation of Nutrients?
Scientists at Work The Role of Food Preferences in Food Choices
Taste
Flavor
Is All Olfactory Affect Learned?
15.7 The Nature of Taste Qualities
Taste Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation
The Pleasure of the Burn of Chili Peppers
Summary
Glossary
References
Index